ضیاء الحسن علوی مرحوم
افسوس کہ میرے رفیق قدیم اور صدیق حمیم مولوی ضیاء الحسن صاحب علوی ندوی نے ایک مختصر علالت کے بعد ۱۴؍ جون ۱۹۴۵ء کو الہ آباد میں جہاں وہ عربی مدرسوں کے انسپکٹر اور مشرقی امتحانوں کے رجسٹرار تھے ستاون برس کی عمر میں وفات پائی، اس حادثہ کی اطلاع مجھے ۱۸؍ جون کو لکھنو میں اسی مدرسہ میں ملی جہاں میں اور مرحوم مل کر ایک جان دو قالب ہوئے تھے، افسوس کہ ایک قالب خالی ہوگیا، اور دوسرا نیم جان موجود ہے، مرحوم مجھ سے عمر میں تقریباً پانچ برس چھوٹے (گو تعلیم کے درجہ میں وہ ایک سال بڑے تھے) اس لئے بظاہر امید یہی تھی کہ انہی کو میری جدائی کا صدمہ برداشت کرنا پڑے گا، مگر تقدیر یہی تھی کہ مجھے ان کے فراق کا غم سہنا پڑے اس لئے امید غلط ثابت ہوئی، اور تقدیر کا فرمان نافذ ہوکر رہا۔
اکنوں چہ تواں کرد کہ تقدیر چنیں بود
مرحوم کا کوری ضلع لکھنؤ کے مشہور علوی خاندان کے چشم و چراغ تھے، دارلعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے حامیوں بلکہ بانیوں میں رؤساء کا جو طبقہ شامل تھا، ان میں منشی محمد اطہر علی صاحب مرحوم کا نام بہت جلی ہے، یہ خاندان قطب وقت حضرت مولانا شاہ فضل الرحمان صاحب گنج مراد آبادی رحمتہ اﷲ علیہ کا ارادتمند و معتقد تھا، جو ندوہ کی تحریک کے روحانی مرکز و مدار تھے، اس لئے جب ۱۸۹۸ء (۱۳۱۶ھ) میں لکھنو میں ندوہ کا دارالعلوم کھلا تو منشی صاحب مرحوم نے اس درس گاہ کو اپنے سب سے چھوٹے بچے اور ایک ننھے بھتیجے کو نذر کیا، یہی ننھا بھتیجا مولوی ضیاء الحسن صاحب علوی ندوی تھے، دارالعلوم کے طلبہ کے داخلہ میں ان کا نمبر شاید دوسرا تیسرا تھا، عربی کی پوری تعلیم یہیں حاصل کی اور یہیں سے فراغت...
Shaykh-ul-Islam Ahmad bin Abdul Haleem alias Ibn Taymiyya (661-728 AH) is one of the great personalities whose far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions have been felt in every age. The issues, on which Allama Ibn Taymiyya has a different opinion, are the result of his such research as well as liquidation, wisdom, Ijtihad and continuous consideration as well as deliberation which have been based on Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In his Ijtihadi issues, there is a collection of evidence and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. Most of Ibn Tamiya’s dissent is of a jurisprudential and principled nature. Some of these dissents are against the consensus of the Ummah. Some are against the religion of the four Imams, some differences are contrary to Hanbali School of thought itself and some differences are against the majority of scholars. Allama Ibn Taymiyya also has such differences in which he looks unique and distinguished from the whole Ummah. One of them is related to the pilgrimage to the tomb of the Holy Prophetﷺ. According to Islamic scholars, traveling to visit the tomb of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is permissible and rewarding. The majority of scholars agree on this. Ibn Tamiya’s position and the difference is that if he did not intend to offer prayers in the Holy Prophet's Mosque during this pilgrimage, then it is not permissible according to most of the scholars and imams, nor has it been commanded. According to the command of the Holy Prophet ﷺ, the reason behind this is that only three mosques should be packed, namely Masjid al-Haram, Masjid al-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Aqsa. After the Prophet of Islam, there is room for disagreement with the words and deeds of everyone in Islamic thought. Almost all the great scholars have disagreed with this position and have refuted it with arguments. But their other religious and national services cannot be ignored based on this distinction. In the article under discussion, Ibn Tamiya’s position and his arguments will be critically examined in light of the views of other scholars of the ummah.
Agave sisalana, a hard succulent CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plant along with other land plants like cactus, pineapple and vanilla orchids, has evolved over millions of years to drive a different kind of photosynthesis that allows the plants to survive in semiarid environments where water isn‟t always readily available. This process is known as CAM and it is the main area of interest for the scientists all over the world to develop drought resistant plants. Modern genomic approaches like gene identification, their characterization and expression under various abiotic stresses lead to the crafting of genetically resistant crops. The genomes of a number of different CAM plants have been sequenced in the past two years but Agave sisalana L. has received limited attention by many researchers around the globe as far its ability to survive under drought conditions is concerned. Therefore present study was aimed to develop drought stressed cDNA library and to find out potentially up-regulated genes expressed under drought in leaf epidermal tissue of Agave sisalana. Agave sisalana plant selection under drought stressed conditions was done on the basis of their physio-biochemical and water related attributes. All the physiological parameters including photosynthetic and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency showed decreasing trend with increasing drought stressed conditions. Biochemical analyses of control and drought stressed Agave sisalana plants also played an important role in the adaptation of plants to adverse environment conditions. Plant under drought stress produces certain osmolytes like proline and products of reactive oxygen species which triggers the regulatory signaling pathways involved in the plant defense mechanism. In the present study the correlation coefficients (r) among various physiological, biochemical and water related factors under drought stress conditions also indicated that decreasing photosynthesis, transpiration, total chlorophyll content and other parameters are well monitored by the accumulation of osmolytes produced in response to abiotic traumas. In case of water related measuring parameters, the values of relative water content decreases with the drought stress compared to control where it remain significantly high. Microscopic examination of epidermal tissues of leaves of Agave sisalana showed partially and fully closed stomata upon the induction of drought stress. Stomatal conductance also decreased and showed accordance with the closed stomata under drought stress. Instantaneous water use efficiency showed contradictory results of showing decreasing trend with abiotic stress. It has been reported in many cases that it varies with different plant species as has been explained in the discussion part of the dissertation. All the biochemical assays performed in Agave plants confirmed the accumulation of macro molecules that could lead to support the idea of searching drought tolerant functional EST in leaves of Agave sisalana L. A cDNA library from drought stressed epidermal tissue of leaves of Agave sisalana L. has been constructed. Ten thousands clones were randomly picked, replicated and PCR amplified. The inserts size was found in a range of 100-1000bp. One hundred and five (105) clones (submitted to NCBI GenBank (JZ892707 - JZ892811) were sequenced and annotated. As there were no reported sequences on Agave sisalana L. under drought stress so the homology search was done in comparison with already reported sequences in land plants. Blast ( EST, nucleotide and protein) database in NCBI GenBank was used for homology search. Approximately 4% clone sequences didn‟t show homology at selection criteria (e < 1.0) whereas maximum homology was found in Elaeis guineensis (African palm 16%) followed by Phoenix dactylifera (date palm 8%), Musa acuminate (Banana 5%), Solanum species (5%), Medicago tranculata (5%), Populus trichochorpa (desert poplar 4%), Vitis vinifera (Grapes 4%), Nicotiana species (3%) and Agave species (3%) respectively. The clones (amplified PCR products) were printed in duplicate at an expected ratio of 9,408 spots per microarray chip. The labeled cDNAs were prepared from total RNAs of control and drought stressed leaves of Agave sisalana L. These labeled cDNAs were hybridized to cDNA chips, scanned and data were analyzed. Ten (10) clones were found to be differentially expressed on cDNA microarray platform. The microarray results were validated by real time PCR. EST sequences of potential candidates for drought stressed genes were analyzed through BLAST2GO programe. Out of ten (10) ESTs, maximum homology was found in Phoenix dactylifera plant. Six EST‟s which gives the best homology with drought tolerant genes in other land plants on nucleotide BLAST (nr) and protein BLAST (p) were further evaluated with real time PCR along with bioinformatics studies. Real time data analysis showed highest expression in EST‟s (JZ892752 and JZ892726) whereas EST (JZ892743, JZ892761 and JZ892787) showed low expression of drought tolerance in Agave sisalana L. The differentially expressed EST JZ892778 showed no expression or upregulated activity in stressed leaves of Agave sisalana L. Similar expression of two up-regulated ESTs (JZ892726 and JZ892752) was observed in expression behavior and fold change when compared with K means in cluster analysis of microarray. This new EST collection for the first time in Agave sisalana L. indicated an important step towards the identification of many molecular markers that aided the selective hybridization and biotechnological approaches to further improve Agave sisalana L. as drought resistant plant. Furthermore, the public availability of the novel up regulated cDNA clone sequences generated in this study will enable testing of the biological function of the genes represented and the development of transgenic plants in future.