علامہ آیت اﷲ روح اﷲ خمینی
یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ اسلامی جمہوریہ ایران کے بانی علامہ آیت اﷲ روح اﷲ خمینی کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، وہ اسلامی نظام کے علمبردار ہونے کی بنا پر قید اور جلاوطن کیے گئے، ایران سے شہنشاہیت کا خاتمہ اور جمہوریت کا قیام نیز اسے مغربی ملکوں کی گرفت سے نکال کر اسلام کے راستہ پر ڈال دینا ان کا اہم کارنامہ ہے، اپنی آخری وصیت میں انھوں نے ساری دنیا کے مسلمانوں کو امریکی و روسی تسلط سے چھٹکارا حاصل کرکے باہم متحد ہونے، اپنے دست و بازو پر بھروسہ کرنے اور بتان رنگ و بو کو چھوڑ کر اخوت اسلامی کے رشتہ میں منسلک ہوجانے کی دعوت دی ہے، مگر اسلامی انقاب کے بعد ایران میں خون خرابہ ہوا، عراق سے آٹھ برس تک جنگ ہوتی رہی، حرم میں شورش بپا ہوئی، اس لیے ایران کے انقلاب کو نسلی و قومی سمجھا جانے لگا، مگر انھوں نے امریکی سفارتخانہ کو یرغمال بنانے کا اعلان کرکے ساری دنیا کو دم بخود کردیا۔
سلمان رشدی کے قتل کے فتوے سے وہ عام مسلمانوں میں بہت محبوب ہوگئے تھے، ایرانی انقلاب نے پھر ثابت کردیا کہ علماء اور مذہبی رہنما بھی قوموں کی تاریخ موڑ دینے کا کام انجام دیتے رہے ہیں، آج اسلامی ممالک مغربی حکومتوں کی کٹھ پتلی بنے ہوئے ہیں لیکن مرحوم خمینی کی جڑیں عوام میں بہت گہری تھیں، اس لیے بڑی طاقتیں ان کا کچھ بگاڑ نہیں سکیں، وہ انقلاب کے روز ہی کی طرح وفات کے دن تک عوام میں مقبول رہے، ان کی وفات بڑا سانحہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ لغزشوں کو معاف کرے اور مرحوم کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جون ۱۹۸۹ء)
چند عرب فضلا کی موت
دمشق کے مجلہ مجمع اللغۃ العربیہ کے سال گزشتہ کے شمارے ہم کو حال ہی...
Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.
Synthesis, Characterization and In–vitro Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Chitosan–coated Polyoxometalates Nanoparticles Polyoxometalates (POMs) are discrete anions and have become significant in biomedical research due to their structural diversity which renders them highly active against bacterial, viral, cancer and HIV infection. In this study six different POMs were resynthesized and encapsulated within chitosan (CTS) through inotropic gelation technique. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their surface morphology, particle size and zeta potential. All nanoparticles were observed non–spherical with hollow surface having particle diameter below 200 nm. For each formulation the observed zeta potential value was in acceptable limits (> 25 mV). The lowest particle diameter (91 ± 4 nm) was recorded for CTS–TiW11Co with zeta potential 52.0 ± 5.21 mV. The entrapment efficiency, dissolution studies and release kinetics were estimated for all nano formulations. The CTS–P5W30 nanoparticles showed the maximum entrapment efficiency (92 ± 9 %) while the release pattern of POMs from nanoparticles was observed as diffusion and polymer surface erosion. Enzyme inhibition study on tissue non–specific alkaline phosphatase was determined where free POMs and their nanoparticles were analyzed and compared with the standard inhibitor. The inhibition constant (Ki) value for CTS–TiW11Co (10.2 ± 9 ng/mL) was ten–fold lower than the Ki of levamisole (137.5 ± 29 ng/mL). The anticancer potential of free POMs and CTS conjugated nanoparticles were studied on two different cancer cell lines including human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) and human breast cancer cells (MCF–7 cells). Furthermore, the toxicity of these compounds was studied on normal cells (vero cells). The compounds CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 were very effective on HeLa cells with IC50 of 8.94 ± 2.33 and 7.26 ± 2.55 μg/mL respectively. While these compounds showed the minimum toxicity on vero cells. The CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 compounds also showed the lowest IC50 values when tested on MCF–7 cells with 4.55 ± 1.98 and 6.36 ± 1.22 (μg/mL) correspondingly. Based on maximum potential of cytotoxicity on x cancer cells and low toxicity toward normal cells, CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 were selected for further experiments. The CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 were morphologically analyzed for any signs of apoptosis with DAPI staining. The treated cells (HeLa and MCF–7) were characterized by chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. A microscopic analysis of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was carried out with the help of fluorescent dye DCFH–DA. The dye was incubated with HeLa and MCF–7 cells after treatment with CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 nanoparticles. The treated cells were characterized by glowing cells showing signs of lipid peroxidation and chromatin condensation. Furthermore, a DNA fragmentation analysis was carried out on HeLa and MCF–7 cells separately. The existence of DNA fragments had confirmed apoptosis in HeLa and MCF–7 cells treated with CTS–TiW11Co and CTS–P5W30 nanoparticles.