تعلیمی نظام کی اصلاح کے بارے میں امام بخاری کا نظریہ

 Bukhari was an exemplary teacher. His teaching experiments, advices, and valuable analysis are beneficent even today. As he is famous for being expert in Ahaadeth (Muhadis), he is being ignored in the field of education.  His thoughts, described in Kitabul Ilm of Sahi Bukhari can be used to reform an education system. According to his advices, a teacher should be vocal, should understand and consider psychology of students. He should make groups of students on the basis of their intelligence, and should assign assignments to students to make them more confident. About questions asked by students during teaching, Imam says this is not beneficial. Teachers also should not be upset with proper questions asked by students. No one can become expert with his own study without consultation with an expert of the field.  Reading without the guidance of a teacher may be unhealthy.  Imam stressed even beginner students to do hard work and travel for research, and academic work.  To get knowledge and access to reliable teachers admission in an institution and fulfilling of all the requirements are necessary.  Imam Also considered women education necessary.  According to him women can get benefits only when their system is separate from men. Kitabul Ilm of Bukhari consists of advices for education system reforms. These advices can be used to reform the present education system. Purpose of this article is to analyze Imam Bukhari’s thoughts about education for understanding good and bad things in education.

Performance Assessment of Canal Irrigation: A Study of Pehur Main Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Low performance of irrigation systems is a major concern worldwide. This situation is more alarming in the developing countries where agriculture is facing decreased availability of water due to competition from growing needs of industrial and municipal sectors. Irrigated agriculture is pressed hard to produce more food to meet increased demand from rapidly growing population. The pressure on irrigation resources is intensifying in many regions of the earth. The public investments in canal irrigation schemes are declining due to low performance of existing irrigation projects. The additional water resources to expand irrigated agriculture can only be salvaged from wastage through better management strategies. The performance assessment of canal irrigation is used to promote this objective. Research methodology for this study was developed based on the extensive literature review. The measures of performance i.e. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were selected for in depth analysis. The relevant data was acquired from the official records of Irrigation Division I & II Swabi. Outlet-wise register (Mogawar) refer to designed discharge, area to be irrigated, area actually irrigated, crops assessed in each growing season, water tax (abiyana) collected in each growing season. Field surveys and Focused Group Discussions were conducted to validate official data at certain points. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were measured on a scale of zero to one (0—1). In ideal conditions values will be closer to one (1) and the average of all values from head to tail must also be closer to 1. Data analysis demonstrated that majority of the values were closer to 0 (zero). This situation indicated a very low level of performance of the Pehur Main Canal system. In very few instances the values were higher than half of scale and that‘s too in the middle of the system instead of head. The data analysis revealed that the middle of the system was performing better than the head and on individual canal level some middle sections doing better than head sections while tails better than middle parts. This situation indicated that the operation of the system was not stable enough to ensure the rational behavior throughout the system.