پہلی گل
پاکستان ایئر فورس دی ملازمت دے دور ان رسالپور اکیڈمی دے وچ جس ویلے میں ایم۔اے پنجابی کیتا تے دل وچ ہک کرلاٹ پے گئی۔کیوں کہ پنجابی ادب بندے نوں ورثے وچ ملیا سی۔والد صاحب حافظ قرآن تے درویش منش آدمی سن۔تے پنجابی دیاں کتاباں ،ہیر وارث شاہ،سسی پنوں،یوسف زلیخا،مولوی غلام رسول،کافیاں بُلھے شاہ،کافیاں شاہ حسین،سی حرفی سلطان باہو تے بوٹے گجراتی دیاں سی حرفیاں،تے دائم اقبال دائم دی کتاب سیف الملوک وغیرہ پہلے ہی گھر وچ مو جود سن۔ایس واسطے زیادہ تر سی حرفیاںتے بارہ ماہ ۱۹۹۴ئ،۱۹۹۵ء وچ ای لکھے گئے۔
وقت گزر دار ہیا تے ۲۰۱۸ء وچ بندے نیں ایم۔فل اردو کیتا تے اردو ،پنجابی وچ لکھن دا شوق پیدا ہویا۔بقول وارث شاہ:
’’بجھی عشق دی اگ نوں وا لگی،سماں آیا ای شوق جگاونے دا ‘‘
پنجابی غزلاں زیادہ تر ۲۰۱۸ تے ۲۰۱۹ وچ لکھیا ں گئیاں۔کتاب دا ناں’’دکھاں دی پنڈ ‘‘میرے اپنے ذہن دی پیداوار اے۔دنیاں دُکھّاں تے مصیبتاں دا گھر اے۔دنیا تے بھانویں کوئی جیڈا وی سکھی ہووے ،کوئی نہ کوئیدکھ ہر اک نوں ضرور ہوندا اے۔سیانے آکھدے نیں’’دکھاں توں بعد ای سکھ ملدے نیں‘‘۔جے دھپ ہے تے چھاں ہے،جے رات ہے تے دن ہے،جے ہنیرا ہے تے چانن ہے۔پھل بڑے نازک تے خوشبوواں دیون والے ہوندے نیں پر کنڈیاں توں خالی نہیں ۔ایس واسطے سکھاں دا صواد وی دکھاں توں بعد ہی اوندا اے۔
’’یار میرا جے دکھ وچ راضی، میں سکھ نوں چلھے پاواں‘‘
جے بندے نوں کوئی وی دکھ نہ ہووے تے وقتِ نزع تاں گیا ہی کدائیں نہیں۔
ساڈے با بے آدم نوں رب نے جنت وچوں کڈھ کے تے زمین تے چا سٹیا۔گویا جنت وچوں نکل کے ہک قسم دے دوزخ وچ آ گئے،تے نال ہی’’دکھاں دی پنڈ ‘‘سر تے آ گئی۔اﷲ پاک نے اپنے ساریاں پیاریاں پیغمبراں نوں دکھ دے کے آزمایا۔وصل دیاں لذتاں وی ہجر فراق...
An Efforts to improve the morality of learners are always conducted in education. Educational institutions are morally obligated to increase personality development of their students. SDN Inpres Bumi Bahari Kec. Palu Barat through the implementation of school rules, intends to form the character of learners. This circumstance is the basis of this research. This research based on descriptive qualitative methods. The Source of data obtained from principals, teachers, and Learners. This research used varieties methods such as observation, interviews, and documentations in data collecting process. Furthermore, data that has been netted, analyzed using data reduction techniques, data display, and data verification. The results of the study concluded that the application of school rules can shape the behavior of learners to be a good personality. The behavior of learners is directed towards moral learner. The process of character building of learners finds some barriers because learners have a different understanding of school rules order. In addition, many students have a strong influence of the habits they bring from their homes, so they are not familiar with the rules set by their school.
Cultivation of organic cotton has increased in recent years due to the adverse impacts of synthetic chemical use. However, the main barrier to adoption of organic cotton farming in Pakistan, and especially in Sindh province, is its lower yield as compared to conventional cultivation. Therefore, this study was undertaken during 2014 and 2015 to compare the effect of various organic soil amendments relative to conventional integrated pest management (IPM) on the occurrence of cotton pests and their predators as well as influence on various plant growth parameters, yield and lint quality. The study was conducted at Latif Farm, Sindh Agriculture University, and Tandojam. The organic soil amendment treatments evaluated in this study included farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), and the green manures Dhancha (Sesbania bispinosa Wight.) and Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). These treatments were compared to plots under conventional integrated pest management and a no treatment control. Results of the study indicated that among pests, only populations of thrips S. dorsalis (Hood), leafhoppers Amrassca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), whitefly Bemesia tabaci (Gennadus), and cotton mite Tetranchycus urticae (Koch) were observed in the various organic and conventional IPM treatments. During both years of the study, negligible populations of bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) were recorded in all treatments. The predators recorded during this study included green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea, (Stephens), minute pirate bug Orius spp. (Fieber), big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), and Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.), Coccinella semtempunctata (L.). In general, pest populations in the plots with organic soil amendment treatments during both years of the study were either lower or not significantly different from conventional IPM plots. Among the organic treatments, relatively low populations of S. dorsalis and A. bigutula bigutula were recorded in both of the green manure treatments, whereas poultry and farmyard manure plots harboured lower populations of B. tabaci. There was no difference in mite populations between the organic and IPM treatments. Among predators, the highest populations of Orius spp. and G. punctipes were recorded in poultry and farmyard manure treatments, whereas Dhancha plots supported the maximum population of C. carnea. The population of coccinellid predators was only recorded during 2015, with higher populations observed in green manure (Berseem clover) and farmyard manure treatments. Generally, higher pest and predator populations were recorded during 2015 in comparison to 2014, with the exception of Orius spp., which was highest in 2014. A significant correlation was recorded between the populations of various pests and their key predators. In both years of the study, temperature and relative humidity had an effect on populations of sucking pests and their predators as well. The application of various organic treatments also showed positive effect on various plant growth characteristics (i.e. plant height, total number of leaves, number of sympodial branches, total chlorophyll content, total number of bolls, boll weight and maturity percentage). In both years, the highest cotton yield was recorded in plots with poultry manure followed by farmyard manure and conventional IPM treatments. Comparatively higher lint quality was recorded in green manure treatments (Dhancha and Berseem clover). The economic analysis of different IPM treatments showed that the green manure had the most potential among the various organic treatments since the net profit obtained was higher due to the additional revenue generated by sale of green manure as fodder.