میر مرتضی بھٹو
ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کا بیٹا 18ستمبر1954کو کراچی میں پیدا ہو ا۔ابتدائی تعلیم کراچی سے حاصل کی ۔بیچلر ڈگر ی ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے اور ماسٹر ڈگری آکسفورڈ سے حاصل کی ۔1977ء میں اپنے والد کی رہائی کے لیے تاریخی مہم چلائی اور دنیا کے اہم ترین رہنمائوں سے ملاقات کی ۔
1993میں پاکستان واپس آتے ہی گرفتار ہو گئے ۔بعد میں ضمانت پررہا ہو گئے ۔ 1993میں لاڑکانہ سے سندھ اسمبلی کے ممبر منتخب ہوئے اور پیپلز پارٹی شہید بھٹو گروپ کی بنیاد رکھی۔20ستمبر 1996ء کو کراچی پولیس فائرنگ سے اپنے ساتھیوں سمیت ہلاک ہو گئے ۔
The Figures of Speech(ملع عيدبلا )is a Significant branch of Arabic Rhetoric. It has two kinds; Literal Aesthetic, تانسحملا ةيظفللا)) Semantic Aesthetic, (تانسحملا ةيظفللا). Both kinds are having a pivotal role in the miracle of Qurān. The Great Scholar of Rhetoric Al-Zamakhshari has mentioned many of its types to analyze the Qurānic Verses rhetorically in his exegesis Al-Kashāf. The Great Scholar Abd Al-Qāhir Al-Jurjāni did not approach the upper mentioned kinds, not for the reason of non-interference in The Qurānic miracles but he was always eager to derive new ideas in this particular field. As it is known that many former scholars have approached all kinds of the Figures of Speech in a wide range and Abd Al-Q┐hir Al-Jurjāni was dominated by his creative nature. In this article, it has been discussed widely the academic ambivalence surrounding Abd Al-Q┐hir Al-Jurjāni's lack of interest in the Figures of Speech among three modern scholars: Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Al-ķwfi, Dr. Muhammad Shwq┘ Zaif, Dr. Muhammad Ab┴ Mosā.
During the present research work three plants, i.e. Mansoa alliacea, Tecomaria capensis and Tecoma stans belonging to family Bignoniaceae were evaluated for their ethnopharmacological importance. Stem and leaf powder of all the plants were used for steady state maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol and water as solvents. The maximum % extraction yield was observed in leaf aqueous extract of T. capensis, T. stans and M. alliacea, i.e. 17.98%, 15.48% and 12.52%, respectively. The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins and terpenoids in most of the extracts of all the plants. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrum of the powder plant parts showed the presence of polysaccharides, saponins, lipids, terpenes, polyphenols, etc. Maximum amount of flavonoid content was observed in stem aqueous extract of T. capensis and M. alliacea, i.e. 341.54 mg RE/g of the extract and 231.21 mg RE/g of the extract, respectively. Minimum amount of flavonoid was observed in stem aqueous extract of T. stans, i.e. 26.15 mg RE/g of the extract. Total phenolic contents were expressed in maximum amount in leaf aqueous extract of T. stans, i.e. 354.85 mg GAE/g of the extract followed by stem ethanol extract of M. alliacea, i.e. 143.17 mg GAE/g of the extract and leaf ethanol extract of T. capensis, i.e. 123.39 mg GAE/g of the extract. Total antioxidant activity was found maximum in leaf aqueous and ethanol extract of M. alliacea followed by leaf aqueous and stem ethnol extracts of T. stans, i.e. 100.25, 99.45, 93.82 and 89.09 AE μg/mL, respectively. The metal chelating activity by % inhibition of ferrozine complex formation was observed maximum in stem aqueous extract of M. alliacea followed by leaf ethanol extract of T. capensis and ethanol stem extract of T. stans, i.e. 94.31%, 93.82% and 92.75%. The % inhibition of lipid peroxidation was best observed in stem aqueous and ethanol extract of T. capensis followed by stem aqueous extract of M. alliacea, i.e. 97.39%, 94.50% and 93.92%, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging potential was found maximum in leaf aqueous extract of M. alliacea with IC50 22.66μg/mL followed by ethanol extract of the stem, i.e. 25.46μg/mL. For T. capensis good IC50 was showed by leaf ethanol extract followed by stem ethanol extract, i.e. 25.03μg/mL and 27.17μg/mL, respectively. Leaf and stem ethanol extract of T. stans exhibited good IC50 among other extracts of this plant, i.e. 30.11μg/mL and 29.74μg/mL, respectively. Best antibacterial activity as zone of inhibition was showed by n-hexane stem extract of M. alliacea against Escherichia coli, i.e. 42.20mm with 1.25mg/mL MIC. The stem extract of T. cpaensis was found more active against Bacillus subtilis as stem ethanol and n-hexane extracts exhibited 37.60mm and 36.80mm zone of inhibition with 2.5mg/mL MIC. Stem chloroform and n-hexane extracts of T. stans exhibited zone of inhibition 26.13mm and 25.30mm with 2.5mg/mL MIC against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively, while leaf n-hexane extract showed zone of inhibition 26.80mm and 25.37mm with 2.5mg/mL MIC against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. PCR of the virus confirmed the FMDV type O as its genome was consisted of 1301bp. The cytotoxic and antiviral effect was checked on BHK-21 cells in the form of cell survival percentage (CSP). The stem and leaf n-hexane extracts of M. alliacea were found antiviral at the concentration range of 15.62-125μg/mL and 15.62-250μg/mL with CSP more than 50%. Similarly the range of 31.25-125μg/mL was antiviral for chloroform stem and leaf extracts. The ethanol and water extracts of stem and leaf were found active against virus at 15.62-125μg/mL. The n-hexane and chloroform extracts of T.capensis and T. stans were not antiviral, while the ethanol extracts of these plants were found active at 31.25-125μg/mL. The aqueous extracts of T. capensis and T. stans were antiviral at 31.25-62.5μg/mL and 31.25-125μg/mL, respectively. The cell survival percentage at all these extracts was more than 50%. Overall results showed that M. alliacea had good antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral agents as compared to T. capensis and T. stans, respectively.