اسلامى بىنکارى مىں تنگدست مقروض سے وصولیابی کے شرعی اختیارات

Islam lays emphasis on social justice and sharing of resources between the haves and the have-nots. In order to create such a balanced socio-economic environment, the inter-class lending is considered to be a way forward ethical activity. Qard is a gratuitous contract in which one gives a certain homogeneous wealth to other against the condition of returning of similar value of wealth upon demand or after termination of payback period. As per Sharia'h, the Qard should not bring any return or benefit for the lender because that would be equivalent to Ribâ. Therefore the lender cannot charge or demand any extra amount against the extension on the payback period awarded to the poor borrower. Furthermore, Islam considers the difference between debtors who default by procrastination and those who default by necessity. The Holy Qur'an, in principal, recommends having compassion for the poor barrowers and giving them the grace period till they have the capacity to payback. In such scenario the Muslim lenders perceive that the Islam has set unilateral direction in favor of borrowers only. Therefore the lenders feel that they are handicapped or helpless and found themselves in a strangled situation.  This study is designed to solve the dilemma of lenders and explore risk mitigation strategies in case of insolvency of borrowers. The verses from the Holy Qur'an & Hadith of the Messenger (PBUH) and also work of prominent Sharia'h Scholars were considered to form a comprehensive guideline to mitigate the lender’s risk. Hence it has been proved that the Islam has given legal rights to the lender and allows some practical recovery strategies & tactics to recover the funds from the underprivileged borrowers. This study will play a key role in risk mitigation for default and late payments.

Studies on Production of Pectin from Fruit Wastes Available in Pakistan. It’S Bio- Characterization and Utilization in the Development of Pharmaceutical and Food Products

With the rising awareness and use of plant based functional fibers there is a growing market demand of pectin throughout the world. However, this is mainly linked with the price and quality of the products availability in the market for different purposes. The market price and current production of pectin has been influenced by many factors among which the provision of raw material for the extraction of pectin is of main concern. The purpose of this research investigations was not only to explore new source of pectin which can aid production of pectin but also to extract it in a simpler way as to minimize or reduce the cost of production. A systematic literature search was also carried out to evaluate the present findings comprising the earlier results in term of its application in developing food and pharmaceutical products. This thesis is based on work to find out the effective extraction of pectin from various fruit wastes available in Pakistan, its extraction in a most simple and effective way and then after extracting its usage in both pharmaceutical and food product. For this purpose numerous seasonal fruits available in Pakistan were studied in their respective time of availability as a screening program.The present research was focused on the isolation, physicochemical characterization and functional properties of pectin extracted from a new source. The extraction process for effective extraction was developed after using different solvents (organic and inorganic acids of different strengths), five extracting pH (1,3 ,5 6 and 7), five mechanical procedure (homogenizing , grinding, hammering, cutting and chopping) , two different boiling techniques, (Bunsen burner and microwave heating) . Sapodilla fruits when selected finally was subjected to other affecting parameters for better yield, like time of boiling (10, 20, 40 and 60 min respectively) with two different 69 strength of acid (0.1 and 1N HCl) strength of inorganic acid (0.1, 0.5 and 1N HCl respectively), and effect of organic acid (critic, tartaric and acetic acid) Initially five fruits, sapodilla, banana, muskmelon, apple and orange were selected for studying the physic mechanical effects among which two fruits (Apple and orange) were purely used for comparative study purpose. After this study three fruits (banana sapodilla and muskmelon) were selected for further evaluation. . Out of three fruits, highest pectin yield was recorded from banana (10.5%) followed by sapodilla (4.7%) and muskmelon (4.4%) respectively. In comparison orange peel indicated 22.7% and apple peel 4.85%. Identification and jelly grade tests were performed which supported sapodilla as most appropriate against banana and muskmelon pectin for further investigation to find out a new source of pectin which can be chemically stable, easily available, and pharmaceutically useful in nature. Hence sapodilla peel was used to extract pectin after using different phyico-mechanical processes. It was observed that the best extraction parameter to obtain maximum yield of pectin was after 10 min of boiling of chopped peels of sapodilla maintaining the pH with 1NHCl to be at pH 5. Present research was also concerned with the bio characterization of extracted sapodilla pectin. With the equivalent weight of 1700, degree of esterification 73.63% and jelly grade 100, sapodilla pectin was evaluated as high methoxyl pectin. Water binding, water holding and fat binding capacity was also assessed which also showed promising results. FTIR spectroscopy performed found that the pectin at pH5 was of best quality as compared to the other extracted pectin at different pH. Dynamic light scattering studies (DLS) were also performed to determine the partial side and molecular weight of extracted pectin and was compared with the commercial food grade pectin. The DLS 70 studies showed similarity in the particle size and molecular weight between standard and extracted pectin which also proved that the extraction performed was effective. Optimization of process of extraction of pectin was a studied after applying statistical software Box Behnken design. According to response surface methodology the best yield of pectin (3.7%) from sapodilla fruits can be achieved by keeping the pH 5 at 61.11 oC for 90 min of heating time. The verification of predicted model also gave similar results, 3.5% pectin was extracted on the predicted pH, temperature and time of boiling. The extracted pectin was also used in the formulation of two types of solid pharmaceutical dosage form and an oral liquid preparation (suspension). The tablets were first tested for its micromeritics properties of the granules. After the formulation of the desired tablets the tablets were compressed and were tested for hardness, thickness, loss on drying and dissolution properties. It was found that the concentration of added pectin has influence on both the micrometric properties of granules as well as on the dissolution profile of formulated tablets. Both the tablets showed increased in hardness and lowering of dissolution rate with the addition of increased amount of pectin. However the best formulation for paracetamol was F4 and F5 with 40 and 50 mg of pectin respectively while for ibuprofen R1 with 50mg of pectin concentration was best. The antidiarrheal preparation also exibited similar results in terms of its evaluation as suspension. The extracted sapodilla pectin was then used in preparation of food and pharmaceutical products. Two types of food preparation, jam and pudding were made using the extracted sapodilla pectin. The jam was also evaluated for its chemical and sensory attributes and found sapodilla pectin can be used in making of jam with a slightly higher concentration (10mg) than the food grade pectin while pudding was evaluated for its textural properties 71 mainly and found that the addition of sapodilla pectin (10 and 15g) has no significant impact on the textural properties of pudding and the pudding was equally acceptable as pudding made from equal amount of food grade pectin