معین احسن جذبی
۱۳؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو اردو کے معمر ادیب اور مشہور ترقی پسند شاعر جناب معین احسن جذبی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشہور صنعتی قصبہ مبارک پور کے مضافات میں ۲۱؍ اگست ۱۹۱۲ء کو پیدا ہوئے اور علی گڑھ میں جابسے، یہاں ۱۹۴۱ء میں آئے، ۱۹۴۵ء میں مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر ہوئے، اس سے قبل ’’آج کل‘‘ کی ادارت سے بھی منسلک رہے، ۱۹۷۴ء میں ریڈر کے منصب سے ریٹایر ہوئے۔
جذبی صاحب نے نظم و نثر میں کئی کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ’’حالی کا سیاسی شعور‘‘ کے نام سے ڈاکٹریٹ کا مقالہ لکھا جو اردو کی اہم تنقیدی و تحقیقی کتاب ہے، آخر میں اپنے خود نوشت حالات لکھ رہے تھے مگر یہ کتاب نامکمل رہی، ان کے تین شعری مجموعے بھی شایع ہوئے، فروزاں، سخن مختصر اور گدازشب۔
مرحوم کا شمار صف اول کے ترقی پسند شعرا میں ہوتا ہے، وہ مخدوم، سردار جعفری اور مجاز کے ہم عصر تھے، ترقی پسند تحریک سے ان کا تعلق برابر رہا مگر ان کی شاعری اس کی عام بے اعتدالیوں سے محفوظ اور اپنی بعض الگ خصوصیات رکھتی تھی، وہ اپنی شاعری کو خوب سے خوب تر بنانے کے لیے اس میں برابر حک و اصلاح کرتے اور نقد و احتساب کی نظر ڈالتے رہتے تھے اور جب خود پوری طرح مطمئن ہوجاتے تب ہی کسی کو شعر سناتے یا منظر عام پر لاتے۔
جذبی صاحب نے ۹۳ برس کی طویل عمر پائی، مدتوں درس و تدریس کے پیشے سے وابستہ رہنے کی وجہ سے ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد زیادہ ہے، کئی یونیورسٹیوں میں ان پر تحقیقی مقالے لکھے گئے، کئی اردو اکیڈمیوں کے علاوہ غالب ایوارڈ اور اقبال سمان بھی ان کو ملا۔
وہ بڑے انسان دوست تھے، اپنے طالب علموں اور خوردوں...
Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) cause Fusarium wilt, a devastating disease in tomato, affecting the crop yield and causes economic loss worldwide. Synthetic fungicides are widely used in controlling the wilt disease, however they have been questioned due to their environmental concern. Therefore, this study was designed to screen fungal species for their antifungal potential against this destructive disease. Initial dual culture assay of fungal species revealed Aspergillus niger, Penicillium EU0013 and Alternaria solani as inhibitory to the pathogen due to their higher inhibition (%) 51.54 ± 1.09, 63.85 ± 3.26 and 46.15 ± 2.18 % respectively. During culture condition optimization studies, Glucose peptone yeast extract broth (GPYB) was found suitable for higher antifungal activity and production of compounds from A. niger and Penicillium whereas A. solani showed higher antifungal activity in glucose nutrient broth (GNB). The three fungal species showed maximum zone of inhibition against the pathogen at 30 °C and at slightly acidic pH. Penicillium sp. showed maximum zone of inhibition (9.20 ± 0.14 mm) amongst the three fungal species against Fol, therefore this species was selected for in vivo pot experiments. It was observed that with the application of Penicillium extract, plants showed no symptoms of wilting even after 40th day of plantation. Bioassay guided investigation of the fungal species leaded to isolation of eight antifungal compounds. Among these compounds, two completely new from Penicillium sp. with m/z 255 and 223 [M+H]+ and one from A. solani with m/z 273 [M+H]+ were characterized. Three known compounds from A. niger with m/z 557, 571 and 665 [M+H]+ and two from Penicillium sp. with m/z 143 and 239 [M+H]+ and one from A. solani with m/z 273 [M+H]+ are reported for their antifungal activity against Fol the first time in this study. MIC value of the purified compounds showed that the compounds were active between 40 to 120 μg·mL-1. Identification and characterization of these antifungal compounds might provide lead structures for developing them as fungicide in future.