Social Welfare in the Religions of Subcontinent a Critical Study

Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are among the major religions of Sub-continent. The present study highlights the fact that public welfare is preached by all of these religions. Giving alms for the sake of public welfare is an important part of various Hindu religious practices. The role of latest reformist movements is also worth mentioning along with the Hindu literature related with social well-being. Arya Sam฀j movement did many activities for the welfare of people. The founder of Buddhism made efforts for the betterment of mankind and used his religion and teachings to propagate public welfare. Buddhism rejected the caste system and played an important and effective role to minimize the sufferings of affected community. In this regard Islam rises to the highest pedestal as the topic of Holy Quran is Man. It focuses not only on the worldly success of man but also his success in the hereafter. Islam has gone a step ahead than other religions as the activities of public welfare are considered worship in it. The rights of human beings are given great importance and they are given no less importance than rights of Allah. Moreover, the Holy Prophet (S. A. W) took noteworthy steps for the welfare of whole mankind without any discrimination and these are highlighted in this paper. Islam also gives lineaments of the methods and modes of public welfare and goes beyond the other Semitic and non-Semitic religions in this regard. This paper explores and highlights the measures taken by the mentioned religions in a comparative manner and also proves that Islamic concept of social welfare is not only limited to human beings but it also enfolds other living beings and even plants. Islam provides a complete road map of public welfare. Islamic society not only progresses financially but it also focuses on spiritual, ideological and social progress. The aim of social welfare cannot be achieved unless equilibrium is maintained between rights and duties. Islam not only stresses on the rights of the weak but also safeguards the rights of the rich.

Synthesis and Characterization of Organotin Iv Complexes With Donor Ligands

Organotin(/V) complexes with the general formulae R"SnL4''n and R,,sn2L,, ( R= alkyl, L = monomethyl glUlarate, monomethyl phthalate, monomethyl (2-phenyl gllllarate) and SchifJbases of2-aminophenol and salicylaldehyde) have been prepared. These complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organolin(lV) halides with ligand in the presence of a base. Further, some diorganolin(iV) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organotin(lV) oxide with the ligand. The reaction Is carried OUi at the reflux temperature of benzene while water formed during the reaction is cont/nuously removed by means of a Dean alld Stark apparatus, The reactioll of organotln(lV) oxides with organic acids is more economical and gives beller purities as the reaction of organotin(lV) haUdes with organiC acid, in the presence of a base. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and molar condut''livily The chemical bondings in these complexes have been discussed in terms of their JR. i 11-, and il9Sn-NMR, mass and I19Sn-lvfossbauer spec/ral studies, The I II and 1JC chemical shift assignments of the organotin moiely are straightforward from the mulliplicity and illlensity pal/ern, whereas the ligand skelelons were assigned by multiplicity pal/ern and I or resonance inlensilies of signals as well as their coupling conSlanls, The alkyl groups aI/ached to the Iin(l~J atom have been assigned by Ihe comparison of experimental chemical shifts with those calculated from incremelllal methods or compared to Ihe liIeralUre dala, The monomeric I: 1 complexes have trigonal bipyramidal geometry with equilorial organic groups. the dimeric /, complexes have ocl(liledr(ll geometry while complexes derived .from a Schiff base of 2-aminphenol and salicylaldehyde have tetrahedral geometries. Mass spectrum analyses reveallhal Ihe primary decomposition is due 10 the loss of a ligand in case of diorganotin(l V) complexes along with Ihe successive elimination of a C02 molecule while in Iriorganotin(IV) complexes Ihe primary decomposition is due /0 the loss of an alkyl group along with Ihe elimination of a CO, molecule, III The geometry assigned 10 Ihese complexes is well supported by infrared and Mossbauer silldies, All these complexes, soluble in DMSO and DMF have been screened against a wide spectrum of bacleria (Bacillus sublilh Slapholococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Schigella flexenari, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typh) and fungi (C.copsici, C.glocosporiodes, A, brassicico/a, A, bra5sicae, !/. graminium, The ALDso values have been determined with albino ralS, Some oflhe complexes exhibited very high anti-inflammatory activities, The cylostalic activity of the complexes has been assayed aga/nsf the established cell line KB, which has been derived from a human oral epidermoid carcinoma, The results obtained are qllile promiSing Overall, triorganotin(lV) derivatives exhibit signt{icanlly beller activilies than fhe diorganolin(JV) complexes,