شیخ محمد اسماعیل
دوسرا حادثہ شیخ محمد اسماعیل صاحب صدر مسلم لیگ کی وفات کا ہے، وہ ملک و ملت کے پرانے خدمت گزار تھے، ایک زمانہ میں کانگریسی تھے، پھر مسلم لیگ میں شامل ہوگئے تھے، جنوبی ہند کی سیاست میں ان کو نمایاں مقام حاصل تھا، یہ انہی کی شخصیت تھی کہ ملک کی تقسیم کے بعد جب ہندوستان میں لیگ کی کوئی گنجائش نہیں رہ گئی تھی جنوبی ہند میں اس کو دوبارہ زندہ کیا، پھر ملک کے مختلف حصوں میں اسکو پھیلا دیا، مگر اسکو فرقہ پروری سے اتنا دور رکھا اور ملکی حالات سے اتنا ہم آہنگ کردیا کہ اسکے مخالفین کو بھی گرفت کا موقع نہ مل سکا اور کانگریسی حکومتوں تک کو اس سے معاملت کرنا پڑی، اب ملت کے ایسے بڑی غم گسار مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۷۲ء)
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.
Genetic polymorphism might be consider as a marker for predisposition of different diseases including leukemia. Glutathione S Transferase has role in metabolism of different types of Xenobiotics to facilitate their excretion from the body. It has also role in the metabolism of the drugs used in chemotherapy for different diseases. There are many genes that exhibit polymorphism but most of them show single nucleotide polymorphism. The deletion of whole gene is rare. GSTM1 and GSTT1 members of glutathione family are polymorphically deleted. Purpose of the study was to investigate deletion of these two isozymes in local Pakistani population and to investigate if any relationship exists in leukemic population. Male and females of healthy and leukemic patient volunteers were selected. Leukemic population was further divided into different groups (ALL, CLL, AML and CML). Biochemical parameters and oxidantion status of all patients and healthy volunteers were measured by kit method and Genetic polymorphism was seen by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Total bilirubin, creatinin, urea and ALT is greater in patients compared to healthy volunteers. Total oxidant status was low while total antioxidant status was high in healthy volunteers compared to patients depending on disease condition. Healthy subjects show 54% deletion of genes (66% and 52% in female and male respectively). Patients show 67% deletion of GSTM1 gene in which ALL 66% (68% and 76%, CLL 70% (80% and 60%), AML 70% (72% and 68%) and CML 62% (60% and 64%) in female and male respectively. GSTT1 deletion found healthy volunteers was 71% and it is 72% and 70% in female and male respectively and was found 70% in leukemic patients. ALL 78% (76% and 80%), CLL 76% (80% and 76%), AML 66% (76% and 76%) and CML 60% (56% and 64%) female and male respectively. All patients and healthy volunteers have more than 50% deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes. More deletion of GSTM1 was seen in patients than healthy volunteers while local population seems to be more prone to leukemia and may respond less to some chemotherapeutic drugs.