توجيهات نبوية لتعزيز المسؤولية الاجتماعية لدى الشباب

The role of youth in development of any society is vital. They are the vanguard of any nation. The youth cannot play their role properly and positively unless they understand their responsibilities fully. Creating sense of responsibility in individual of a society especially in its youth is inevitable for the collective and dynamic development of a society. The life of the holy Prophet (r) is a complete guide for all spheres of our life. It is evident from the teachings of the holy Prophet (r) and the general commandments of Islam that the youth play a very important role in socio economic and politico educational development. The holy Prophet (r) showed complete confidence in youth. He delegated them with different responsibilities, provided complete guidance and encouraged them for discharging their duties properly. The companions of the holy Prophet (r) who embraced Islam as a result of his first invitation were young between the ages of 20 to 30. The worst enemy of Islam- Abu Jahal was got killed by two young brothers. Likewise a young man Muṣ‘ab bin ‘Umayr (Ï) was sent to Madina, and Mu‘āz bin Jabal (Ï) and Abu Mūsá Ash‘arī (Ï) were sent to Yemen. Zayd bin Thābit (Ï) was directed to learn other languages. He also compiled the holy Qur’ān in Caliphate of Abū Bakar (Ï). The holy Prophet appointed Ḥuzayfa (Ï) to take census. For creating leadership characteristics, Usāmah bin Zayd was sent to different war expeditions. These are ample proofs of holy Prophet’s confidence he had in the youth.

Recent Advances in Detecting Outliers in Moment Distributions

The study of outliers is one of the challenges existed for at least several hundred years. Outliers are the observations which are stranger from the bulk of data. Sometimes outliers may not be noticed but most of the times they can change the entire statistical data analysis. At the earlier stage of the data analysis, summary statistics such as the sample mean and variance, outliers can cause totally different conclusion, e.g. a hypothesis may or may not be rejected due to outliers. In fitting regression line outliers can significantly change the slope and 2R . If the detection of outliers is not done properly before data analysis then it may lead to model misspecification, biased parameter estimation and incorrect results. It is therefore pertinent to identify the outliers prior to proceed further for analysis and modeling. Much work has been done in Univariate probability distributions. The objective of this study is to develop the methods which are used to detect the outliers in Univarite Moment Distributions. Two discordancy tests are developed to detect the single and two outliers from data characterized by Moment distributions. The exact distribution of developed tests does not exist, therefore for finding the Tables of critical values simulation study was used. The Tables of critical values are developed at 5% and 1% level of significance by means of a simulation study.Applications of two other methods which are based on sample skewness and Kurtoses have been extended to detect the outliers in Moment distributions. The Tables of critical values are also generated for these two methods at 5% and 1% level of significance on the basis of a simulation study. The performance rates of four methods are found at various sample sizes by means of a simulation study. It is worth mentioning that methods ?1 and ?2 only indicates the presence of outliers in the data, while methods ?1 and ?2 not only identify the presence of outliers but also specify the particular outliers.