الترجمة و السنة النبوية: تحديات و حلول

Allah Almighty sent the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with the message of Islam to take the humankind out of darkness into the light guidance. Translation plays an effective role to disseminate the divine message and the teaching of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to the humankind in various languages. Translating Seerah Nabviah is a challenging job. Only those scholars who have sufficient knowledge about the terminologies relating to hadith studies in addition to other translation skills can carry out the translating process for Hadith’s text. This research paper primarily discusses the importance of translation to disseminate the teachings of Seerah Nabviah to the humankind. It also focuses on the answer of the question about the legitimacy of the translation of Seerah Nabviah through some arguments based on the Quranic verses, Hadiths and Juristic laws. In addition to that, it highlights various challenges and problems facing translators while translating the text of Hadith. It also deliberates some rules and mechanisms to deal with these challenges indicating tosome adequate solutions for rendering the text of Hadith. It mentions some reasons that cause occurring mistakes while translating the text of Hadith. It contains some recommendations and suggestions by mentioning some mechanisms at individual and collective level for taking initiatives towards the translating process for Hadith’s text.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Using Genexpert® on Core Biopsy-A Retrospective Laboratory Based Validation Study.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. It is a significant cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality among Kenyan women. Evaluation of Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer tissue is standard of care as these biomarkers have been shown to have both prognostic and predictive utility. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard for evaluation of ER/PR/HER2, but its availability in Kenya is limited due to the high operational cost. There have been recent developments in alternative cheaper and readily accessible molecular based testing platforms for ER/PR/HER2. The GeneXpert®’s Breast Cancer Stratifier (BCS), is a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) simple cartridge based assay developed by Cepheid Inc that quantifies mRNA expression of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67,(a marker of proliferation). The study aimed to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of the BCS assay for ER/PR/HER2 in breast cancer tissue core biopsies compared to IHC. The association of Ki-67 expression as tested by the BCS assay and IHC with tumor grade and mitotic counts was also evaluated. Methods: Core biopsy slides and Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of pathologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosed between April 2016 and January 2018, were retrieved from the archives at Aga Khan University’s Department of Pathology. Haematoylin and Eosin (H&E) and IHC slides for ER/PR/HER2 were reviewed and the appropriate block selected for nucleic acid extraction. Tissue scrolls were cut at 10um and a single step nucleic acid extraction performed according to the BCS assay protocol. The BCS cartridges were loaded with the extracted RNA and run on the GeneXpert® instrument. Data Management and Analysis: Data from both the BCS assay and IHC was entered on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for each marker and transferred to SPSS version 20 (IBM corporation). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV with 95% CI was analyzed from a 2X2 table. Kappa statistics and percentage agreement between the two tests was calculated. Diagnostic odd’s ratio was calculated as a measure of association of Ki-67 to the Nottingham tumor grade and mitotic counts. Results: A total of 162 breast cancer core biopsies were analysed. The predominant histologic type and grade was grade 2 Ductal carcinoma. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy for each marker on the BCS was as follows: 86.96%, 94.74%, 98.04%, 70.59% and 88.89%