3۔قتل خطاء
کسی شخص نے کسی درخت پر کوئی چیز ماری اور وہ کسی آدمی کے لگ گئی اوراس سے اس آدمی کی موت واقع ہوگئی یا کسی شکار کی طرف تیریا گولی چلائی اور وہ بجائے شکار کے کسی آدمی کے جا لگی۔ اس سے اس کی موت واقع ہوگئی تو یہ قتل خطاء کہلائے گا۔
Constitution is the basic code of every state system. There are laws for state administration, discipline and rulers in constitution. There are some privileges for the rulers in the Pakistani constitution. Among the privileges that Pakistani rulers have, laws of exception, protocol and luxury packages or facilities are included. In Pakistani constitution, the rulers also enjoy these privileges and according to the rules and regulation of parliament and senate. Our Constitution does not provide Parliamentarians any specific immunity against criminal actions as has been granted to the President as well as the Prime Minster. The only specific protection enjoyed by a Minister/Prime Minister is for official actions under powers of their office. The right of lessen or amendment in Sharīʻah penalty of the President of Pakistan is not right according to the Islamic Sharīʻah. But he can utilize honorary rights in criminological penalty. The Governor has the authority to dissolve the Provincial Assembly under certain circumstances during the emergency situation. If the ruler uses the option of freedom of opinion with deception, dishonesty and contempt of court then he should also be answerable. Sometimes rulers misuse their privileges and even exceed their powers. Discretionary options of the rulers must be under public interests. Such privilege rules must be amended which reflect inequality between rulers and masses. It is necessary to put the honorary rights of rulers under logic and there must be a law of behold for the unlawful usage of authority, so that the bad utilization of these laws can be prevented. Such reserved rights must be amended which enhance the concept of un-equity between the rulers and public. For the better administration harmony among the public and administration is necessary. In this research paper we will analyze the concept and importance of privileges mentioned in the Constitution of Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings.
Power Efficient Resource Allocation in High Performance Computing Systems An efficient resource allocation is a fundamental requirement in High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. Many projects are dedicated to large-scale distributed computing systems that have designed and developed resource allocation mechanisms with a variety of architectures and services. Resource allocation mechanisms and strategies play a vital role towards the performance improvement of all the high performance computing classifications. Therefore, a comprehensive discussion of widely used resource allocation strategies deployed in distributed high performance computing environment is required. The author has classified the distributed high performance computing systems into three broad categories, namely: (a) cluster, (b) grid, and (c) cloud systems and defines the characteristics of each class by extracting sets of common attributes. All of the aforementioned systems are cataloged into pure software and hybrid/hardware solutions. The system classification is used to identify approaches followed by the implementation of existing resource allocation strategies that are widely presented in the literature. More computational power is offered by high performance computing systems to cope with CPU intensive applications. However, this facility comes at the price of more energy consumption and eventually higher heat dissipation. As a remedy, these issues are being encountered by adjusting system speed on the fly so that application deadlines are respected and also, the overall system energy consumption is reduced. In addition, the current state of the art of high performance computing, particularly the multi-core technology opens further research opportunities for energy reduction through power efficient scheduling. However, the multi-core front is relatively unexplored from the perspective of task scheduling. To the best of our knowledge, very little is known as of yet to integrate power efficiency component into real-time scheduling theory that is tailored for high performance computing particularly multi-core platforms. In these efforts the author first proposes a technique to find the least feasible speed to schedule individual tasks. The proposed technique is experimentally evaluated and the results show the supremacy of our approach over the existing counterpart called first feasible speed. However, this solution is at the cost of delayed response time. The experimental xi results are in accordance with the mathematical formulation established in this work. To minimize power consumption, the author did another attempt by applying genetic algorithm on first feasible speed. The newly proposed approach is termed as genetic algorithm with first feasible speed. The author compares the results obtained through aforementioned approach with existing techniques. It is worth mentioning that proposed technique outperforms first feasible speed and least feasible speed with respect to energy consumption and response time perspectives respectively. Load balancing is also vital for efficient and equal utilization of computing units (systems or cores). To load balancing among computing units, the author applies lightest task-migration (task-shifting) and task splitting mechanisms in a multi-core environment. In task shifting a task having minimum load on a highly utilized computing unit is fully transferred to a low utilized computing unit. In task splitting, the load of a task from a highly utilized computing unit is shared among the computing unit and a low utilized computing unit. It concludes from the given results that task splitting mechanism fully balance load but it is more time consuming as compared to task shifting strategy. Keywords: High performance computing, Real time system, Scheduling, Resource allocation, Resource management, Genetic algorithm, Task migration and Task splitting.