لقد تحدثتُ في ھذه الدراسة عن الأدب المقارن وبدایۃ الشعر الحر، وحقیقۃ الشعر الحر، وھل الشعر الحر نوعٌ من النثر؟ وھل کانت حرکۃ الشعر الحر قویۃ ام لا، ثم تحدثت عن بعض شعراء العصر الحديث، وإتفاق الشعراء حول نازک الملائکۃ، ومکانۃ نازک الملائکۃ بین الشاعرات (النساء) في عصرھا.
ثم تحدثتُ عن الشعر الحديث في شبہ القارۃ الھندیۃ، وتکلمتُ عن الأدب النسائي، والشاعرات الباکستانیات في اللغات المختلفہ داخل باكستان، ثم الأدب النسائي في اللغۃ الأردیۃ، وأھم الشاعرات في اللغۃ الأردیۃ بعد قيام الباکستان، ثم الأدب النسائي والعھد الحاضر، وتکلمت عن الغزل و بروین شاکر، وأعطیتُ نبذۃ بسیطۃ عن بعض أشھر شعراء العصر الحديث، وعن دور النساء في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والشعریۃ بصفۃ عامۃ، وعن دور نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر بصفۃ خاصۃ، وأن لھما مکانتھما الخاصۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والشعریۃ، وأنھما مشترکتان في الأسلوب والرأي والأفکار والأحزان، وأنھما من مشجعي الشعر الحر، ولکنھما مختلفتان في اللغۃ والدُول والجنسیۃ والعمر والتجربۃ، وقد تناولتُ شخصیۃ نازک الملائکۃ منذ ولادتھا إلی وفاتھا، وأنھا تعتبر من أکبر شاعرات العرب في القرن العشرین، ولھا مکانۃ عظیمۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ؛ حیث أنھا قامت بحرکۃ شعریۃ جدیدۃ (حرکۃ الشعر الحر)، وھي في نفس الوقت رائدۃ الشعر الحر، ثم تکلمتُ عن أسلوب کتابتھا، وأھم دواوینھا، وعن ممیزات أشعارھا، ثم تحدثت عن بدایۃ النظم عند نازک الملائکۃ، وإلی من تنسب ریادۃ الشعر الحر، ثم تکلمت عن الشاعرۃ المعروفۃ بروین شاکر منذ ولادتھا إلی وفاتھا، وأھم أعمالھا العلمیۃ والإجتماعیۃ والشعریۃ، وأھم دواوینھا والمجموعات الشعریۃ المعروفۃ لھا وأحزانھا وما إلى ذلك، وعن فکرتھا عن العشق وعالم الرجال ، ومکانتھا في الأدب الأردو، ثم تحدثتُ أخیراً عن الأشعار المتشابھۃ والمختلفۃ من قصائد نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر، وھذا الجزء من الدراسة استغرق وقتاً أطول، وبذلتُ فیھا جھوداً أکبر، وذلك أنني قمتُ بترجمۃ بعض قصائد بروین شاکر، فشرحت ھذہ الأبیات، وشرحتُ قصائد نازك الملائکۃ بشکل مجمل بسیط مفھوم للقاريء ، ثم عقدتُ...
The Islamic Jurisprudence has given a great importance to the existence of family system of life. That is why the Qur‘ān has described the laws of family life with details in comparison with worship of Allah. In family system of life, marriage has a great importance but marriage is not only essential part of worship. Its purposes one the existence of human generation along with the survival society where there must be modesty and justice but it is only possible if the family system of life is established on everlasting principles. That is why our Islamic Jurisprudence has declared the willingness of both bridegroom and bride and their family more importance in the marriages. Such marriages are always durable and permanent. On the contrary, if there is no willingness of both the bridegroom and bride in marriages. Then such marriages are not durable and permanent. In marriage a girl is a party and the Islamic jurisprudence has given a great deal of importance to her willingness but in pusthoon society, sometimes such marriages are conducted in which the bride concerned has no approval rather she is forced to accept that bond of marriage such marriages are commonly called “Forced Marriages”. The article below is defining the different kinds of forced marriages in vogue and is trying to find out their religious and dogmatic status as well.
Phosphorus deficiency is a serious threat to crop production around the globe. Plant species and even cultivars within species vary greatly in P efficiency. This variation in P efficiency is greatly influenced by different parameters, growth medium and environment. The basic knowledge of P efficiency mechanisms would be helpful for plant breeders to produce P efficient cultivars. The research project comprised of four separate experiments focusing on three major objectives i) study differential response of wheat genotypes under P stress; ii) compare P efficiency calculation methods; and iii) yield contributing parameters under P stress in glasshouse and in field conditions. Wheat genotypes were evaluated for total P, seeds phytate P fraction, various growth, physiological and yield related attributes in series of nutrient solution and soil culture experiments under wire house and field environments. First study (focussed on seeds total P and phytate P fractions) revealed that genotype Inqlab-91 had maximum total P in grains (8.9 mg g-1) and pre-green revolution genotypes accumulated low phytate P in seeds (averaged 1.8 mg g-1) as compared to post-green revolution genotypes (averaged 3.5 mg g-1). During second study, different classification methods/systems for selecting genotypes against P tolerance were compared. To accommodate more number of parameters according need and focus of the researcher a modified P efficiency calculation method was developed. In another study, we compared P efficiency in glasshouse and field conditions. There were significant variations in growth behavior of cultivars in glasshouse and field conditions. Highest P utilization efficiency under glasshouse condition was observed in cultivar Sandal (96.7%) while under field condition highest P utilization efficiency was observed in cultivar Inqilab-91 (86.4%). In last study, we compared different parameters and observed that parameters like grain yield, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, P uptake, tissue P concentration, number of productive tillers, spikelet per spike, grain weight, and harvest index were found responsible for P efficiency. As a whole, genotypes/cultivars Dirk, MaxiPak-65, Blue Silver, Chakwal-86, SH-02 and Darabi-11 were found efficient in P efficiency/tolerance and could be used in future farming while genotypes/cultivars Pari-73, Sandal-73, Wadanak-83, Iqbal-2000 and Seher-06 were found in-efficient in P efficiency. Genotype SH-02 was efficient in P acquisition and genotype Iqbal-2000 was in-efficient in P acquisition. This project will serve as base for plant breeders in selecting wheat genotypes by choosing suitable method of P efficiency calculation, growth medium and parameters responsible for P efficiency mechanisms.