Research on Akhlaq Development: The Standard Character and its Development in Muslim Living

Knowledge without its moral disposition is of no benefit. The virtues of knowledge without hidāyat are useless and vice versa. Man is advised to control his behavior as he will be questioned for his deeds. Faith is not a matter of words but of accepting Allah’s will and striving in his cause. Every soul shall have a taste of death and on the Day of Judgment will be paid full recompense for his deeds. The one who is admitted to heaven would attain the object of life. This object is achieved by moral character. It shapes an individual in a way conducive to the unfettered growth of good, virtue and truth in every sphere of life. It gives full play to the forces of going in all directions. Also it removes all impediments in the path of virtue. It eradicates evils from social plan by prohibiting the causes of its appearance and growth, by closing the inlets through which it creeps into a society. It saves from all sorts of human weaknesses and counsels of pseudo-wisdom, self respect that keeps breaking-in and resists all evils. This is attained by exercising highest patience and self restraint. It signifies the entire scheme of life and not any isolated part or parts thereof. Akhlāq develops an attitude in a person by which every moral valuation, every decision as to the practical course for whatever the individual would prefer in his life to take for ultimate success.

Development and Evaluation of Extended Release Matrix Tablets of Risperidone, Olanzapine and Prochlorperazine Maleate Antipsychotic Drugs

Antipsychotic drugs are widely used in the short term management of acute psychotic, manic and psycho depressive disorders and long period treatment of chronic psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, psycho effective disorders and delusional disorders. However, these drugs produce serious side effects ranging from the most troublesome (Intense sedation, dry mouth and somnolence) to dangerous (Parkinsonism, dyskinesia and akathesia). The management of these side effects has become an important part of treatment plans as the frequency and intensity of the side effects play a major role in the effectiveness and tolerability of a particular antipsychotic agent. Non-compliance to antipsychotic medication is the primary issue directly linked to long term clinical outcomes. The development of modified drug delivery systems (MDDSs) have improved patient compliance, reduced side effects and optimized the dosage schedule without compromising their therapeutic efficacy. As a result of reduction in side effects of antipsychotics, some MDDSs have been developed. In this respect, Quetiapine xfumarate (Seroquel XR ® ) and Paliperidone (Invega ® ) extended release tablets of antipsychotic drugs are offering improved treatment and tolerability profiles. As oral route for administration of drug is mostly preferred and tablet is the most popular dosage form, therefore, extended release tablets of risperidone, olanzapine and prochloperazine maleate were developed. Binary mixtures of the commonly recommended Methocel ® K100 LV-CR (hydrophilic) and Ethocel ® Standard 7FP Premium (hydrophobic) were used to prepare tablets by flow bound dry granulation-slugging method. Combination of the two polymers successfully extended the release period up to 24 hours. The release period was extended regularly as the amount of Ethocel ® Standard 7FP Premium was sequentially increased from 30% to 60%. The inclusion of Methocel ® K100 LV-CR helped in maintaining drugs knotted in its viscous gel layer, while presence of Ethocel ® caused slow hydration & erosion of the matrices leading to extended drug release period. pH independent drug release with zero order kinetics was an important achievement in the present study. Hardness of tablets did not influence the release kinetics. The two polymers played a role of functional copartners. The matrix tablets containing 30% Methocel ® and 60% Ethocel ® (F3) with 12kg hardness were selected for further studies. The optimized matrix tablets of the model drugs exhibited an acceptable level of stability under accelerated storage conditions. Bioavailability studies of the optimized tablets of risperidone, olanzapine and prochlorperazine were conducted in rabbit’s serum using HPLC based validated methods. Measured serum concentrations of the drugs were used in calculation of the various pharmacokinetic parameters, including peak concentration (C max ), peak time (T max ), area under curve up to 24 hours (AUC 0–24 ), area under curve up to infinite time (AUC 0-inf ), mean residence time (MRT 0-48 ) , half life (t 1/2 ), volume of distribution (Vd), elimination rate constant (K el ) and total clearance (Cl total ) for the Test-extended release and Reference-conventional tablets using PK WinNonlin software. Optimum levels of the drugs serum concentrations (C max ) from the Test tablets were observed as compared to Reference tablets. Significantly prolonged peak time (t max ) of the Test tablets indicated smooth and extended absorption phase of the drugs. A good correlation between the In-vitro drug release and In-vivo drug absorption was achieved in case of each model drug. The area under curves (AUCs) xiof Test extended release tablets and Reference-conventional tablets were not significantly different (p < 0.05), indicating their bioequivalence. The bioavailability data generated in the present study indicated that the absorption of risperidone, olanzapine and prochlorperazine maleate from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) were dependent on their release rate. A good level of In-vitro In-vivo correlation of the all three drugs showed successful use of the dissolution process, binary mixtures of the model polymers and rabbits as model animals. Further studies on binary mixtures of the Methocel® and Ethocel ® may ensure their utility in formulation of extended release tablets of other similarly low dose water insoluble drugs. Extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials of the presently developed tablet formulations need to be conducted to determine improvement in safety profiles of the model drugs.