ورفعنا لک ذکرک
نصیر احمد اخترؔ
نعت وہ لفظ ہے جو اردو ادب میںمحبوبِؐ خدا کی توصیف و ثنا کے لیے مختص ہے۔
نعت کے سلسلے میں پروفیسر ریاض احمد قادر ی کے خوب صورت الفاظ ہیں :
’’نعتِ رسولِؐ مقبول درود شریف کی شعری صورت ہے۔‘‘
نعت کے بارے میں ممتاز حسین کی رائے یوں ہے:
’’ہر وہ شے نعت ہے جس کا تاثر ہمیں حضورِ ؐرحمۃ للعالمیں کی ذات گرامی سے قریب لائے‘‘
’’ورفعناکی صدا ‘‘ میں اس عظیم ہستی کے اوصافِ حمیدہ بیان کیے گئے ہیں جن کی توصیف میںخود ربِ کائنات نے فرمایا’’ورفعنا لک ذکرک‘‘۔محبوبؐ خدا کا ذکر،چاہے درود کی صورت میں ہو یا نعت کی ،دراصل ورفعنالک ذکرک کی تفصیل ہے ۔
نعت کسبی نہیں وہبی ہے۔نعت کا شعر اس وقت ہی زبان کو معطر کرتا ہے جب دل حبِ مصطفیؐ سے لبریز ہو۔محمد عرفان علی خوش نصیب ہیں کہ ان کا نام بھی مقصودِ کائنات کے ثناخواں اور ثنا گو کی فہرست میں شامل ہے۔ خوب صورت شخصیت کے مالک ،عشقِ مصطفیؐ سے مالا مال ہیں۔نعت کی سعادت خدا کی خاص عطا ہے۔ اس لطف و کرم کے بارے میں محترم طالب حسین کوثری نے کہا ہے۔
ہر سخنور کو کہاں ہوتی ہے توفیقِ ثنا
ہاں مگر جس پر خصوصی ہو نِگاہِ مصطفیؐ
نعت کے لوازمات میں سے محبوبِؐ خدا سے والہانہ محبت بنیادی حیثیت رکھتی ہے۔جو شاعر جتنارسول ؐ خدا کی محبت سے سرشار ہو گا۔اس کے کلام میں اتنا ہی سرور و کیف زیادہ ہو گا۔جناب محمدعرفانؔ علی کی نعتوں میں جو کیف و سرور نظر آرہا ہے وہ محبت ِمصطفیؐ کا ہی ثمرہے۔ان کے دل میں آپؐ سے والہانہ محبت کا جذبہ پوری آب و تاب سے کار فرما ہے ۔یہ خاص نعمت ایک تو خدا کی دین ہے دوسرا ان کے والدِ محترم محمد حسین صاحب بھی...
Islam is a religion of peace and tolerance. This fact is very much evident from the very title of Islam. In this research article, the author explores the meaning of Islam, Salam (Peace), and Tasa muh (Tolerance), lexicologically and technically, and finds the integral mutual relationship between, Islam, peace and the observance of tolerance. Peace is the foremost feature and goal of Islam, to which this religion leads and guides. The observance of tolerance is essential to achieve a peaceful environment in a heterogeneous and pluralistic human society. This paper confirms from the Quran, Ahadith and Sirah of the holy prophet Muhammad r that how much Islam and the prophet r of Islam are concerned about the maintenance of peace and how intense the advice and the teachings of tolerance are in Islam. Islam believes in the peaceful living with the people of different faiths, cultures, creeds and colours. For this purpose, Islam respects and ensures the observance of basic human rights and the essential freedom of religion, thought, expression, etc. The author determines the meaning, scope and parameters of peace and tolerance, so as the Muslim may not misunderstand the concept of peace and tolerance and may not go to the extent that they compromise with the Islamic spirit
The term vulnerability denotes the degree to which human and environmental systems are likely to experience harm due to some perturbation or stress. One such stress is drought, which can be defined as a protracted period of deficient precipitation which causes depletion in which could prove fatal for crop yield. The scope of the impacts of drought largely depends upon the vulnerability of the affected area. There are two main types of drought vulnerabilities, namely, element vulnerability and system vulnerability. Element vulnerability refers to the degree of potential physical damage to the target elements at risk such as crops, livestock, soil, etc., in response to a hazard event of a given intensity, whereas system vulnerability refers to the conditions determined by the physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an anthropogenic system to the effects of hazards. The predominantly arid climate of Pakistan and the dependence of its economy on agriculture make it highly susceptible to effects of climate change, particularly drought. In this context, the proposed study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of the arid regions of Pakistan to drought, with particular reference to the climate change scenario. Meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socio-economic data was collected from various primary and secondary sources and three different indices (each representing a separate aspect of drought vulnerability) were prepared with the help of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). For the drought exposure index, the variables used were annual potential evapotranspiration, annual precipitation, aridity index value, per capita food grains production, rural population as percentage of total population, population density and percentage of area covered by barren, uncultivable land. For the drought sensitivity index, the variables used were percentage of farms using draught animals for tilling, percentage of cultivated area covered by plant protection measures, percentage of area covered by canal irrigation, percentage of area covered by forests, percentage of fragmented farms, percentage deviation of wheat production (from 30-year mean) during last major country-wide drought episode (1998-2002) and percentage NDVI change from 1998-2002. Variables used for the drought adaptive capacity index were percentage of farms having tube wells/water pumps, percentage of farm households under debt, percentage of farm households having additional income other than agriculture, percentage of farms having access to facilities for storing and preserving agricultural produce, percentage of farms reporting very heavy financial losses during last major drought episode (1998-2002), percentage of uneducated persons among agricultural population and percentage of farmers with access to crop insurance. Values of the exposure and sensitivity indices were added together and values of the drought adaptive capacity index were subtracted from it to create a composite drought vulnerability index of each district of the country. Findings of the study indicated that districts of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces were most vulnerable to drought, followed by KPK and Punjab provinces. Sindh and Baluchistan also ranked high on the drought exposure and sensitivity indices but achieved low scores on the adaptive capacity index. On the other hand, KPK and Punjab achieved comparatively lower scores on the exposure and sensitivity indices but ranked higher on the adaptive capacity index.