پروفیسر خواجہ احمد فاروقی
جنوری کا معارف مرتب ہوچکا تھا کہ یہ اندوہ ناک خبر ملی کہ اردو کے مشہور محقق و نقاد صف اول کے ادیب اور صاحب طرز انشاء پرداز پروفیسر خواجہ احمد فاروقی ۳۱؍ دسمبر کو رحلت فرماگئے۔ اِنا ﷲ وَاِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعونْ۔
خواجہ صاحب کا خاندان علم و فضل اور سلوک و تصوف میں ممتاز تھا، انھیں انگریزی تعلیم دلائی گئی مگر اس کے باوجود بھی وہ شرافت، وضع داری اور اپنی دیرینہ خاندانی روایات کے حامل تھے۔
۱۹۱۷ء میں وہ بچھراؤں ضلع مراد آباد میں پیدا ہوئے، ۱۹۲۷ء میں گورنمنٹ ہائی اسکول ہردوئی کی پانچویں جماعت میں داخلہ لیا، یہاں ان کے والد سررشتہ دار تھے، ۱۹۳۲ء میں اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے میرٹھ کالج میں داخل ہوئے، تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد معلمی کے پیشہ سے وابستہ ہوئے جس کا آغاز مسلم یونیورسٹی اسکول میں کیمسٹری کے استاد کی حیثیت سے کیا، پھر بعض کالجوں سے وابستہ رہنے کے بعد ۱۹۴۶ء میں دہلی کے اینگلو عربک کالج میں اردو کے لکچرر ہوئے، جس کے بعد دہلی ہی میں بودوباش اختیار کرلی، خود رقمطراز ہیں:
’’اس وقت سے کہ چالیس سال ہوگئے ہیں، دلی کاروڑا ہوں اور یہ دلی کی گلیاں کسی طرح نہیں چھٹتیں‘‘۔
حزیں از پائے رہ پیما بسے سرگشتگی دیدم
سرشوریدہ بربالین آسایش رسید ایں جا
۱۹۴۸ء میں دلی میں چاروں طرف آتش زنی، غارتگری اور قتل عام مچا ہوا تھا اور موج خوں سروں سے گزر رہی تھی، مگر خواجہ صاحب اس قلزم خون کے شناور بنے رہے۔
وہ بچپن ہی میں مطالعہ اور کتب بینی کے عادی ہوگئے تھے اور تقریر و تحریر کی مشق بھی شروع کردی تھی، ہردوئی ہائی اسکول میں جب زیر تعلیم تھے تو غنچہ (بجنور) اور پھول (لاہور) کے لیے مضامین لکھتے رہتے تھے۔ اسی زمانے میں اپنے ایک ہم جماعت کے اشتراک...
Since the creation of woman, she faces many problems in her life. Different societies have their own customs and traditions. And woman faces problems regarding them. Pakistani society has its own influence and civilization which causes many problems of women. In these traditions, one of the bad behaviors is, marriage of woman on wrong time i.e. Late marriage or early time marriage. In the result, at least, she faces Problems regarding dowry, Joint family system, Family disintegration, Childlessness, Propensity to violence, Effects of husband remaining alone from wife etc. On the basis of social divisions in Pakistani family system and depiction of woman issues having effects on herself, the significant and their mediation is very necessary, too. Many of these problems has Psychological impacts on woman in her domestic life. In Pakistani society where woman faces domestic and family problems, there economic problems too pester her which include greed for riches and lack of them both pester her psychologically. In this paper, above mentioned problems of women in Pakistani society has been discussed in the light of Islamic teachings.
Natural surfactants are amphiphilic compounds derived from natural resources mainly plants and microorganism. Owing to their excellent physiochemical properties they are replacing synthetic surfactants in verity of commercial applications. In present study natural surfactants obtained from bacteria and two plants were studied for their possible role in rehabilitation of crude oil contaminated soils. In first phase of this study a biosurfactant producing bacterial strain was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil samples of Missa Kaswal oil field. Out of 51 bacterial strains only seven were found to be surfactant producing. The most efficient biosurfactant producing strains were including; M8, M9 and M10 based upon surface tension reduction, emulsification index, oil displacement and drop collapse test. The strain M9 showed highest reduction of surface tension of the culture medium i.e. 66.7 to 26.6 mN/m and 6.2 cm of oil displacement zone considered as the most efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria. The isolates M8, M9, and M10 identified by using morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques as different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of four different media, medium 4 proved to be the best in term of yielding highest amount of biosurfactants with all the three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosurfactant production was 2.31 g/L in medium 4, after 96 hrs by strain M9, whereas strain M8 and M10 produced relatively less biosurfactants. The strain M9 was the most efficient and selected for further studies. Optimization of different carbon sources revealed glycerol as the best in medium for the highest bacterial growth 1.37 g/L and biosurfactants production 2.890 g/L. The rhamnolipid production reached up to 4.44 g/L at optimum conditions i.e., pH 7, temperature 34 ˚C, agitation speed (rpm) 155, and 2.8 % inoculum. The media components were also optimized by using a combination of response surface and central composite design. The optimized medium composition pertaining to maximum rhamnolipids production of 5.67 g/L was obtained by using NaNO3 3.92 g/L, KH2PO4 2.3 g/L , MgSO4 0.26 g/L and FeSO4 0.0028 g/L. The chemical composition of biosurfactant produced by P. aeruginosa M9 was determined using HPTLC, FTIR and MALDI-Tof techniques. Results indicated that strain M9 produced a mixture of RL-1 and RL-2 during its growth on glycerol. The rhamnolipid produced by P. aeruginosa M9 were studies under effect of varying pH, salt concentration and temperatures. Results suggested that rhamnolipids retained their activity between pH 4-10, 1-21 % NaCl and 121 ˚C. In addition, 0.2 % of the crude rhamnolipid was sufficient to decrease the surface tension of the waster to 26.6 mN/m. The n-butanolic extract of S. mukorossi and A. concinna were analyzed for the presence of saponins using TLC and FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicated presence of saponins in both the plants. Results indicated that saponins from S. mukorossi and A. concinna were stable at pH 4-9, 25-121 ˚C, and 1-21 % NaCl. The crude saponin extracted from S. mukorossi reduced the surface tension of the water to 39.1 mN/m at a concentration of 0.2 % (w/v). On the other hand, surface tension Acacia saponin reduced the surface tension to 42.0 nM/m. The role of natural surfactants obtained from microbial and plants resources were studied in surfactant enhanced soil remediation by using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array Design. Removal of crude oil from the soil collected from Missa Keswal oil field was determined under the effect of different temperatures, shaking speed, surfactant concentration and time. Results indicated 94 % reduction in crude oil from the soil at 55°C, 200 rpm, 1% rhamnolipid concentration after 15 hrs. In case of Sapindus saponins, maximum removal was 87 % at optimum conditions of; 65 °C, 200 rpm, 0.8 % saponins and 15 hrs of process time. The results of soil washing using Acacia saponins revealed that 65°C, 200 rpm, 0.8 % saponin and 15 hours were the optimum soil washing conditions pertaining to a maximum removal of 78 % crude oil from the soil. The soil obtained from GCU garden was washed at optimized condition obtained for each natural surfactant. Maximum removal of 81 % was carried out by Sapindus saponins, followed by 78 % by rhamnolipids and 67 % using Acacia saponins. These findings suggested that natural surfactants have excellent potential to be used in soil remediation of complex hydrocarbons such as crude oil.