USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS IN COURTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMABAD HIGH COURT

John Rawls, an American Political Philosopher worked on the very idea of justice in his writings throughout his life. He was of the opinion that an institution is just and fair only when its principles and rules are prepared to benefit all the members of the society equally and if there is an unequal distribution then it must advantage all of them especially the ones who are least i.e. Needy. The political institutions must shape up such kind of policies in order for the development of the wellbeing of the individuals in the society by providing them with resources, opportunities, basic necessities etc. Equally. Whereas, the conception of social justice is also based on equality and the human rights where they could be treated as free and equals i.e. An egalitarian society. In this research paper we will analyze the significance of John Rawl’s theory

Development and Appraisal of Economical and Sustainable Approach for Weed Management in Drill Seeded Aerobic Rice Oryza Sativa L.

Traditional rice cultivation by puddling and manual transplanting is a labor intensive activity and require significant quantities of water and power. The increasing scarcity of water threatens the sustainability of transplanted rice. In many areas of Asia, transplanting of rice is being replaced by direct seeding as farmers respond to increased labor cost and decreased water availability but weed control is one of the major constraints to direct seeding. So, to control weeds in direct seeded rice studies were designed. Experiments were conducted for two years to develop sustainable and economical methods for managing weeds in aerobic rice grown by direct-seeding at Student’s Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during the years 2008 and 2009. The first experiment was laid out in RCBD having five weed control approaches; hand weeding, hoeing (with kasula), inter row cultivation with tine cultivator, inter row cultivation with spike hoe and chemical control with Nominee 100 SC along with control (no weeding). Weed dry weight was 300 g m -2 , 257 g m -2 , 225 g m -2 and 157 g m -2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding. Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m -2 ) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m -2 ) and tine cultivator (346.78 m -2 ). Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively. Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding. Highest net returns (Rs. 56905) were obtained by hand weeding while highest BCR (1.75) was obtained in tine cultivator. A second experiment was laid out in split plot design randomizing inter row cultivation implements in main plots and inter row cultivation frequencies in sub plots. Weed dry weight was 199.16 g m -2 less when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS as compared to weed dry weight in inter row cultivation at15 days after seeding (DAS). More fertile tillers in tine cultivator and spike when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS were observed. Paddy yield was 159% more when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 as compared to paddy yield in inter row cultivation at15 DAS. Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS. Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS. Both experiments were replicated thrice. Net plot size was 3.0 m x 6.0 m in both experiments. Weed control by tine cultivator displayed excellent rice yields when repeated cultivation was done, and with the reduced labor inputs compared to hand weeding and hoeing, is a viable and economical method.