شام کا دوسرا سفر تجارت
حضورؐ پچیسویں سال، حضرت خدیجہ کا مال تجارت’’ بطریق مضاربت‘‘لے کر شام کی جانب تجارت کے لیے تشریف لے گئے۔یہ اس قول کی بنا پر کہ ابو طالب نے حضورؐ سے عرض کیا ‘ چونکہ میرے پاس اب مال بالکل نہیںرہا ہے اور قریشیوں کا قافلہ بغرض تجارت جانے والا ہے۔ لہٰذا خدیجہ بنت خویلد ؓ سے جا کر کہو ،وہ قریش کے مال دار لوگوں میں سے ہیں اور لوگوں کو مضاربت کے طور پر مال تجارت دے کر بھیجتی ہیں تو اگر آپ خود اپنے لیے چاہیں گے تو وہ یقیناََ مال تجارت آپ ﷺکو بھی دے دیں گی اور ممکن ہے کہ اس طرح کچھ نفع حاصل ہو جائے ۔لیکن صحیح ترقول یہ ہے کہ سیدہؓ خود کسی ایسے امین کی متلاشی تھیں جسے وہ اپنا مال تجارت سپرد کریں اور وہ حضورؐ سے زیادہ کسی کو امین نہ پاتی تھیں ۔ چونکہ حضور اکرمﷺ کو تمام قریش اظہارِ نبوت سے قبل ’’محمد ﷺ کو امین‘‘ کہا کرتے تھے۔ لہٰذا سیدہ خدیجہؓ نے کسی کو آنحضرت ﷺکے پاس بھیجا کہ اگر میرا مال تجارت آپ لے جائیں اور حق تعالیٰ اس میں نفع دے تو جتنا نفع آپ مناسب خیال فرمائیںلے لیں۔ ایک روایت میں ہے کہ دو گنا مال دوسروں کی نسبت دوں گی۔ سید عالمﷺ نے ابو طالب کے مشورہ کو قبول فرمایا ۔اس کے بعد سیدہؓ نے اپنا غلام جس کا نام میسرہ تھا اور اپنا ایک مخصوص آدمی جس کا نام خزیمہ تھا آپ ؐ کی خدمت کے لیے ساتھ کر دیا۔ آپؐ جب بصریٰ پہنچے تو وہاں ایک صومعہ یعنی کلیسا تھا جس میں نسطورا راہب رہتا تھا۔ اس نے حضور ﷺ کو ایک ایسے درخت کے نیچے جلوہ افروز دیکھا جس کے بارے میں خبر تھی کہ اس درخت کے نیچے سوائے نبی...
This study aims to examine factors such as the Quality of the Procurement Committee, Goods/Services Procurement Systems and Procedures, Goods/Services Procurement Ethics, and Goods/Services Procurement Environment against Fraud in the Procurement of Goods/Services in Government Agencies. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method. The population in this study was the Head of Service, Treasurer, and Head of Sub-Division of Finance, and the sample in this study was the Regional Work Unit in “XYZ” Regency. The source of the data used in this research is the main/primary data obtained directly from the questions/statements (questionnaires) distributed to the respondents. The data analysis method used in this study is the Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) to test the four hypotheses proposed in this study. The results of this study indicate that systems and procedures are proven to have a positive influence on procurement fraud in government agencies, while the quality of the Procurement Committee, Procurement Ethics, and the Procurement Environment are not proven to have a positive effect on procurement fraud in government agencies.
This dissertation focuses on exploring the determinants of the housing demand in the urban areas of Pakistan. It also delves into the impact of different income groups on the housing demand. The hedonic price model was used for the estimation of analysis. The data pertaining to 14 Pakistani urban areas was borrowed from Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) survey 2004-05 and 2010-11, respectively. Overall, two models were used in the analysis. The first one was to estimate the Hedonic rent model that helped in finding out that in high-income group households the rent was greater than the middle-income group households, which was increased in 2004-05 and decreased in 2010-11. The study was applied on lower income groups as well. Affordability has same effect on low and middle-income groups, but for high-income group it turned out to be positive yet the value of coefficient remained on the lower side. This comparison helps in designing appropriate policies in accordance with the current state of housing market. It was found that different factors contributed differently wards housing demand whereas the economic cycles were contrast during both periods of the study. Furthermore, this study provides a policy framework for addressing the factors related to housing demand. In order to control the selectivity bias between the tenure choice and the quantity of housing services demanded, Heckman‟s two-step selection procedure was used. The Probit model was opted for calculating the margins for the probability of a house‟s ownership. Permanent and Transitory incomes were estimated based on the permanent income hypothesis. Another aspect, uncommonly found in studies from developing countries including Pakistan, was separately determining the effects of permanent and more importantly transitory income on housing demand. The aggregate analysis underlined that income, house price, affordability; demographic factors such as age of the head of household, education, household size, number of earners and marital status are the key factors in determining the housing demand in Pakistan.