سپین اور ہندوستان میں مسلمانوں کے سیاسی زوال کے مشترک اسباب اور اسلامی تعلیمات

The Muslims ruled over Spain and India for many years. They left over behind themselves many signs of art, architecture, culture and the customs of life. The Muslims both in regions set a remarkable art of living which can still be visualized. It reflects a picture of their high potential and advancement but due to some reasonable causes their journey upwards stopped and the other powers dominated them. In this article the various causes of political decline have been analyzed in Islamic perspective.

Energy Awareapproach to Increase Network Lifetime in Continuous Sensing Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continuously monitor different activities in given circumstances. Monitoring criteria of WSNs is event driven, time based, inquire query and continuous sensing. WSNs consist of many cheap Sensor Nodes (SNs) which have limited battery power. Minimizing energy consumption is an important requirement in WSNs to increase network life-span during continuous sensing. In WSNs, the energy is consumed in sensing, processing and transmission. This research aimed to enhance network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption at transmission and re-clustering phase. The proposed solution categorizes SNs into Super Nodes (SUN), Advanced Nodes (ADN) and Normal Nodes (NON). Each cluster is composed of a Cluster Head (CH) and Cluster Members (CMs). CH is always selected from the SUN. Both, ADN and NON become CMs. WSN field is divided into levels and each level is subdivided into clusters. In each level, at least one cluster performs sensing and communication tasks which gives coverage to the whole sensitive area, therefore, the phenomena do not lose communication. ADN and NON adjusted its time schedule for active, sleep and idle modes. CH consisted of active, sleep and idle states and forwarded packets to Base Station (BS) following best route among various available paths. Energy consumption was minimized during continuous sensing by active, sleep and idle mechanism and by eliminated re-clustering in each network round. The proposed solution, LEACH-ELT (LEACH with Enhanced Life Time), successfully increased WSNs life-span by minimized transmission time energy consumption and circumvented wide-range re-clustering in WSNs. The LEACH-ELT was simulated in MATLAB and the results were compared with traditional LEACH protocol. The demonstration showed that LEACH-ELTperformance is better than LEACH protocol.