قرآن و حدیث کی روشنی میں تعمیر کردار و شخصیت اور نصاب اسلامیات: ایک تنقیدی مطالعہ

Islam gives the idea of collective life and tries for human development. The basic idea of the teaching of Islam is that the individual must be true and active worker of society. He must have moral values and principles clearly. In addition, he tries constantly that a Muslim should perform saying of Allah and human rights properly. In this way, Islam tries to work on the behavior, morality, and habits of people and tries his best to properly enhance the different aspects of personality.  For this, the life of Prophet Muhammad? Is a complete code of life. The good characteristics of Muslims are considered praiseworthy that are truth, brotherhood, justice, forgiveness, the oneness of Allah and keepings. In the same way, the things which are condemned by Islam are bride, misery, theft, backbiting, telling lies, blaming others, self-centeredness, close vision, dishonesty, garrulous, greediness, showiness manners, jealousy,  un-obligation, clashes, hatred and etc. The philosophy of character building and personality development in Islam is the Muslims should avoid all bad works and develops good qualities in him as discussed before so that a Muslim should be a very useful and pious citizen of society. And we all know that education especially we can say that Islamic Education is a tool of change. So education is worthless if it does not create change in the minds of people and society. It is useless if it does not build the moral character regarding the personality development of the students. Islam tells us all about the values which are fruitful for humanity and are beneficial to human beings. For this purpose, it is necessary that we should give awareness of Islamic values to the people through Islamic education. It is only possible if the textbooks are designed according to the Islamic concept and values as well as teachers and parents play their effective role in the development of the personality of their children. Pakistan is a Muslim country and has its own religious, moral, political and social values and being a Muslim through an effective Islamic educational system, we can transfer these values to our new generation. Our curriculum is playing key role in the personality development and character building of the students or not is the main question so that this article is being written. In this article keeping in view the aims and objectives of the curriculum of Islamic Studies and following the Quranic verses and Hadith, we will try to analyze whether it is building the personality or character of students or not. After that, the conclusion and recommendations will be given keeping in view the analysis.

Microbial Dynamics in Salt Affected Soils

Soil salinity is a worldwide problem which not only influences the physical and chemical properties of soil but may also seriously affect the microbiological properties of soil. This project was undertaken to assess the behavior of various microbiological properties of soil in relation to salinity in a series of incubation and pot experiments during 2009-12. Initially the soil microbiological properties of thirty naturally occurring diverse salt affected soils were determined. Based on the results of preliminary experiments, further experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of NaCl and MgCl 2 induced salinity on N dynamics and soil microbial activity in soil. Finally, a pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of important amendments such as pressmud, gypsum and farmyard manure, which are normally used for the reclamation of salt affected soils, on growth of wheat and maize and on various microbial attributes in a highly saline-sodic soil (EC 20.3 dS m -1 ). In addition, some bacteria and fungi were isolated from a highly saline-sodic soil, and the effects of same organisms were also tested in the above experiment. For experiment 1, soil samples at 0-20 cm were collected from various salt affected soils ranged in salinity from EC < 4.0 to 32 dS m -1 in November 2009. The samples were analyzed for soil microbiological (such as microbial biomass-C, microbial biomass-N, N mineralization, nitrification, rate of soil respiration) and chemical properties (such as pH, EC, soluble Ca+Mg, soluble Na, SAR (sodium adsorption ratio), ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage), carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride). The results showed that almost all microbial indices including microbial biomass-C (MBC), microbial biomass-N (MBN), basal soil respiration, nitrification and net N mineralization were negatively correlated with increasing salinity (r = -0.89, -0.74, - 0.79, -0.64 and -0.57 respectively). The results further showed that the depressive effects of SAR and ESP on various soil microbial indices were much stronger than that of carbonates and bicarbonates. Both NaCl and MgCl 2 induced salinity significantly reduced the rate of CO 2 evolution and N mineralization during all xiiiincubation periods. The depressive effects increased with increase in salts level. The NaCl induced salinity depressed cumulative CO 2 production by about 80% and N mineralization by 50% during 40 days of incubation. Whereas MgCl 2 induced salinity decreased cumulative CO 2 production by 95% and N mineralization by 81% during 30 days of incubation. These results suggested that the impact of MgCl 2 salinity on microbial indices was stronger than that of NaCl. The amendment of saline-sodic soil with pressmud, gypsum and farmyard manure (FYM) significantly improved the rate of CO 2 evolution, N mineralization, microbial biomass-C and microbial biomass-N. The effects were more pronounced with combined application of pressmud with farmyard manure or gypsum. It was also evident that the effect of pressmud + FYM was further improved with microbial inoculation of microbial isolation from highly salt affected soil. Organic matter decomposition generally increases the production of CO 2 and liberation of H + ions. The H + ion enhance the dissolution of CaCO 3 and releases more Ca to replace Na from clay particles and thus helps in the reclamation of saline-sodic soils. Both wheat and maize seeds failed to germinate under the prevailing saline-sodic conditions despite repeated re-seeding and thus no data was generated in this respect. These results suggested that all microbial indices decreased significantly with increasing salinity levels indicating that soil microorganisms were sensitive to different types of salinity. Thus, salinity is a stress factor and can reduce microbial diversity and control microbial abundance, composition and functions. Although, amendments of saline-sodic soil with organic sources (such as FYM, pressmud) substantially improved microbial attributes they did not enable the germination and survival of wheat and maize sown in the soil. Nevertheless the evidence suggests that organic matter may play significant role in the amelioration of saline-sodic or sodic soils.