قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Parameters Estimation of the 3-Component Mixture Models of Exponential Family under Bayesian Paradigm

This thesis is concerned with the problem of estimating the parameters of the 3-component mixture models of the members of one parameter Exponential family using type-I right censored data under Bayesian paradigm. The models include: (i) Exponential distribution (ii) Rayleigh distribution (iii) Pareto distribution and (iv) Burr Type-XII distribution. In the Bayesian perspective, these 3-component mixtures of distributions get either no or least consideration in literature so far. Also, the reliability analysis of the 3-component mixtures of distributions is presented in this study. The expressions for the Bayes estimators and their posterior risks using the non-informative and the informative priors under squared error loss function, precautionary loss function and DeGroot loss function are derived. The censored sampling environment is considered due to its popularity in reliability theory and survival analysis. When prior information is available, elicitation of hyperparameters through prior predictive method based on predictive probabilities is given. The posterior predictive distribution for a future observation and the Bayesian predictive interval are constructed. In addition, the limiting expressions for the Bayes estimators and posterior risks under different loss functions are derived. To examine, numerically, the performance of the Bayes estimators under different loss functions, we have simulated Bayes estimates and posterior risks for different sample sizes, test termination times and parametric values. Further, to highlight the practical significance of each 3- component mixture, the Bayesian analysis of the real life mixture data sets is conducted. At the end of this thesis, the conclusion is presented. Some recommendations for future research are also given.