وفا آزمانی نہیں جانتا تھا
کہ میں بد گمانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ترا شکریہ، تو نے سمجھا دیے ہیں
میں غم کے معانی نہیں جانتا تھا
زمانہ محبت کا دشمن رہے گا
محبت کا بانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ڈبو کر مجھے اُس نے خود ڈوبنا ہے
یہ دریا کا پانی نہیں جانتا تھا
اسی نے تو مجھ پر تھی انگلی اٹھائی
جو میری کہانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ترے لہجے کی نغمگی نے سکھا دی
کہ میں شعر خوانی نہیں جانتا تھا
مرے غم کی تصویر کیسے بناتا
مرے غم کو ’’مانی‘‘ نہیں جانتا تھا
جدا تن سے ہے کچھ یہ سر اس لیے بھی
میں گردن جھکانی نہیں جانتا تھا
Non-dedicated U turn has a direct effect on road safety, capacity and congestion during the traffic flow. U turn can have significant supremacy on traffic flow and headway. Therefore to study the impact of non-dedicated u turns on traffic is the ultimate requirement of the current time. This is a microscopic traffic study in which the data from a U turn (33°59’48.2"N 71°27’30.2"E) on road leading to Hayatabad and Karkhano in Peshawar is evaluated in terms of headway, speed and flow rate of traffic. Factual data is presented which shows that the average time headway surges when the traffic is interfered by the U turning vehicles. The probability density functions and cumulative density functions fit to the datasets of headway are then evaluated by the techniques of anova analysis to determine which distribution is the most suitable one for the data. Distribution data specific with the interfering U turn was taken in a separate set and evaluated. The result obtained show that the Burr Distribution and Generalized Extreme Value Distribution are the optimum to illustrate the headway data of traffic being interfered by U turning vehicles. This ligitimize the utilization of various time headway distributions of vehicles being interfered by U turning for traffic modeling.
This research project had three aspects, 1. Synthesis of novel dyes, 2. Assessing their applications i.e. fastness properties etc. 3. Testing the synthesised dyes for their mutagenicity. Synthesis and evaluation of azo disperse dyes was done while using different aminoflavones (4 ́-Aminoflavone, 3 ́-Aminoflavone and 6- Aminoflavone), and coumarins (like 6-Amino-4-methylcoumarin and 4-Methyl- 7-hydroxy-coumarin). Dyes (16-75) have been synthesized by coupling the synthesized intermediates with the substituted aniline (1-10) as well as the naphthalene based couplers (11-15). The characterization of the dyes was done by Infrared, 1H-NMR, Mass Spectrometry, 13 C-NMR and Elemental analysis. Diazotization of the different heterocyclic amines (1a-10a).was carried out and the 4-Methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin was used as coupler to yield the dyes (76- 85). The synthesised dyes were applied on the polyester fabric and it proved to be effective as they gave good fastness properties. The dyes obtained had good fast colours ranging from orange to purple. Some of the synthesised dyes (16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 28) were also applied on the Nylon-lycra fabric and it gave good dyeing as well as good to moderate fastness properties. The yield of the dyes obtained was from 65-83 %. All the synthesised dyes were evaluated for their mutagenicity by undergoing standard Ames test. This was performed by using the Salmonella strains (TA 98 and TA 100) with and without S9 activation. The results of these mutagenicity results showed that almost all the dyes proved to be negative in the Ames test except the dyes having free amino group which can be attributed to be cause of their mutagenicity. The presence of the free amino group made these dyes more prone to be mutagenic as compared to the other dyes.