اسلامی نظام معاشرت میں عدل اجتماعی کی اطلاقی معاشی نوعیت

There is no doubt that the economic system of Islam is stable and compassionate which is based on "Human Amity." This system and its features are utterly beneficial for humanity irrespective of their caste, creed, reigion and religion etc. The specialities of social justice that are applied in the economic field provide such comprehensive and versatile version which makes the utility of the economic system even more pertinent. The humanity can adopt this system to ensure their well-being and welfare.  More importantly, as this system is based on economic justice rather equality, which means, it’s the natural system that depends on human capacities, efforts, innate necessities and abilities. The more a man strives, the more benefit he gets. However, it also sets out the principle of financing those who try hard but stay behind in the economic race. In addition, the fundamental philosophy of this system is to protect the economic rights of the society and provides resources to everyone for equitable economic struggle, with no discrimination. The economic systems around the world suffer from inflation and precariousness, while Social Justice proves to be a remedy to the said scenarios.

Biology and Management of Charcoal Rot of Mungbean Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek and Mashbean Vigna Mungo L. Hepper

Charcoal rot, incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is a serious disease of many crops, inflicting 100 % yield losses in Mung and Mash bean under dry and hot conditions. Therefore, biology and management of the disease was studied in 65 isolates of the fungus collected from 14 districts of Punjab and Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa. Morphologically, the isolates differed significantly in their growth behaviour, sclerotial size and weight. Sixteen isolates developed fast growth, 11 were slow and the rest were intermediate. Nine isolates produced large sized sclerotia, 26 small sized while the left over were intermediate. Similarly 35 isolates produced high weight of sclerotia, 12 low and the rest were intermediate in weight. Isolates collected form D.G.Khan, Chakwal and Bhakar were found to be highly variable. All the isolates differed in variability in aggressiveness. On the basis of infection, 23 isolates appeared to be highly virulent, 5 were least virulent and the remaining isolates showed intermediate response. Biological agents, antagonistic plant materials and chemicals were tested against the disease. All the test antagonists inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly, maximum of 79.63 % with T. harzianum and minimum of 58.14 % with T. pseudokoningii over control. Antagonists also affected survival of mung and mashbean plants significantly which was significantly higher at higher concentrations of all the antagonists. Survival of mung and mash plants treated with T. harzianum @ 2 x 10 8 was found maximum (83.33 and 80.0%) and minimum in case of T. pseudokoningii. Similarly, all the test plants inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly, maximum in case of Carum lopticum (68.61%) and2 Azadirachta indica (55.68%) the minimum (15.96%) inhibition with Nerium indicum at 100% concentration. Percentage inhibition was significantly higher at higher concentrations of all the plants as compared to other concentrations. Survival of plants was also found to be maximum, where seeds were treated with C. lopticum (83.33 and 76.66%) and A. indica (80.0 and 73.33%) at 100 % concentration. Mentha piperita and Foeniculum vulgare showed minimum plant survival (40 %) of mung and mash respectively. All fungicides inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly. Maximum efficacy was shown by Benomyl (83.89%) and Carbendazim (79.11%) while Copperoxychloride showed the minimum (23.57 %). The mung and mashbean germplasm varied greatly in reaction to charcoal rot under inoculated conditions. In glass house studies, 14 out of 100 mungbean accessions appeared to be highly resistant as against 34 accessions under field conditions. In case of Mash only 5 lines out of 100 accessions were found to be highly resistant in pot experiment as against 12 accessions in the field.