موقف إلحاق الورق النقدي بالفلوس: دراسة فقهية نقدية

Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.

Impact of Political Skill on Positive Behaviors and Job Embeddedness

Political skill is the essential requirement for individuals to survive in the political arenas of organization, and is a topic that is gaining significant recognition in the area of managing interactions within the organization. The present study investigates political skill influence on helping behavior, compassion, knowledge sharing behavior and job embeddedness under the mediating mechanism of organizational based self-esteem, interpersonal trust, and personal reputation. Moreover, political will moderation impact is also observed among political skill and its outcomes. A quantitative approach is employed involving responses from 219 managers serving in banks of Islamabad and Rawalpindi using a questionnaire. Structural Equation modeling and process macro is used to test the hypotheses. Political skill revealed a significant positive impact on positive behaviors and job embeddedness, organizational based self-esteem, interpersonal trust and personal reputation. The results supported mediation hypotheses however; political will moderation was not supported. Political skill will help managers deal with tough competitions, technological advancements and demanding jobs, and to cultivate a positive environment in the workplace by promoting positive behaviors such as helping colleagues, showing a compassionate response, engaging in knowledge sharing behavior and by increasing job embeddedness. Managers should be trained to develop political skill in their personality as it will help them to enhance self-esteem, add to their repute, and help to develop trust in colleagues. The study was the first to address the unexplored areas of research regarding political skill impact on positive behaviors and job embeddedness in the presence of specified mediators and moderator.