حضرت محمدؐ کی ولادت، بچپن اور معجزات
اعتراض نمبر۲۱
شارٹر انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام میں سال پیدائش کے موضوع پر حسب ذیل تبصرہ پایا جاتا ہے ۔ ’’سال پیدائش ۵۷۰ ء مشتبہ ہے کیونکہ روایات ان کی پیدائش عام الفیل بتا تی ہیں اور ابرہہ کا مکہ پرحملہ اس سال سے قبل ہوا ہوگا ۔
(۲) ’’ لیمن ‘‘نے تاریخ پیدائش میں بہت سے شبہات اس بناء پر پیدا کرنے کوشش کی ہے کہ مدینہ میں آکر آنحضرت ﷺ نے جس فعالیت کا ثبوت دیا وہ کسی معمر اور پچاس سال سے زیادہ عمر والی شخصیت سے متوقع نہیں ہو سکتی ‘ اس وقت عمر بیس یا تیس سال ہونی چاہیے ۔‘‘ ( اسلام ۔پیغمبر اور مستشرقین مغر ب کا ا نداز فکر ۔۲۸۱)
جواب : انسائیکلوپیڈیا کے مولفین سن ۵۷۰ ء سے قبل اور لیمن فعالیت کی بنیاد پر بوقت ہجرت آپ ﷺ کی عمر بیس یا تیس سال کے لگ بھگ قیاس کرتے ہیں ۔ یہ ان کی پرانی طرز اور انوکھی منطق ہے کہ تاریخی مصادر کو چھوڑ کر طبع زاد اور اختراعی و وضعی مفروضوں پر بنیاد رکھتے ہیں جبکہ مفروضہ کو حقیقت سے کوئی علاقہ نہیں ہوتا ۔
کوئی حیدر سلیم اس سے یہ پوچھے
کہ پھونکوں سے کبھی سورج بجھا ہے
آپ ﷺ کی زندگی دو ادوار پر مشتمل ہے ‘ اول مکی دوم مدنی ۔ مکی زندگی تریپن سال اور مدنی زندگی دس سال پر پھیلی ہوئی ہے ۔ لیمن کے بقول آپ ﷺؑکی عمر بوقت ہجرت بیس یا تیس سال ہونا چاہیے تھی اس حساب سے مکی زندگی کے ۳۳ یا ۲۳ سال کو یہ مستشرق بیک جنبش قلم،قلم زد کر دیتا ہے جبکہ تاریخ نے ان سالوں پر محیط واقعات کو اپنے دامن میں سمیٹ رکھا ہے ۔ آگے بڑھنے سے پہلے آپ ﷺ...
The present position paper explores to examine Rajaa al-Sanea’s“Girls of Riyadh” (2005) from the Islamic feminist perspective. Also, the study highlights the model of western feminism epitomised in the narrative under reference, vis-à-vis the Islamic concept of feminism. Islamic feminism grants equal rights to women and ensures its implementation in the Islamic state and society, whereas Western-sponsored feminism dwells on the archetype of women’s liberalism. That, in turn, leads to an anarchic and chaotic society, because of its believing in bringing women not only equal to men but superseding them in socio-cultural positioning. In the existing situation, the novel decries phallocentric society of Saudi Arabia and aiming at replacing it by the sensate-secular feminism that believes in the undue autonomy of the women. In order to investigate the presence of overwhelming patrilineal mores, the study pursues Islamic feminism as a theoretical model and employs reader’s response technique as a methodology. More far the findings of the research are concerned, the researchers conclude that replacing the patriarchal autonomy in the said society by Islamic feminism is befitting and benefitting than to replace it by the western feminism.
WTO (World Trade Organization) that replaced GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), claims speedy growth and reduction of poverty through greater trade expansion. This study evaluates the existence and impact of relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and poverty in the context of selected South Asian countries namely Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives. Time series and cross sectional data is pooled and divided into two sub periods as pre liberalization (1960-1980) and post liberalization period (1981-2011) to compare the relationship of trade with growth and poverty between the two periods. GLS technique is used with countries’ Fixed and Random Effect Models. Variables are trade openness, average income growth, poverty, income inequality, unemployment, infrastructure development (transport and communication sector development) government consumption, investment, life expectancy at birth, literacy ratio, secondary school enrolment ratio, skilled labor, inflation rate, and population growth. First, trade openness along with other variables is estimated to see its impact over growth and then trade openness and growth along with other variables are estimated to see their impact over poverty of the South Asian region during both periods. Results show in the pre liberalization period an insignificant positive relationship of trade openness with average income growth and significantly negative relationship with poverty. During post liberalization period this impact is significant and positive over growth and poverty in South Asian region. The relationship is weak in both cases. Per capita income growth shows a strong, positive and significant impact over poverty. Gini (income inequality) is negatively related with average income growth and positively with poverty. Unemployment reduces growth of income (mostly significantly) but an ambiguous relationship with poverty. Government consumption and investment show strong, positive and significant impact over growth and a positive impact over poverty of the region. Infrastructure development raises growth weakly and lowers poverty strongly, Inflation lowers economic growth and raises poverty, population growth shows a strong, negative impact on economic growth that enhances poverty. These all results are significant. Life expectancy at birth, literacy ratio, secondary school enrolment ratio and skilled labor also show a positive and significant association with average income growth and significantly strong and negative relationship with poverty. The overall results of South Asian countries suggest that liberalization policies can play an effective role if they are made sufficiently pro-poor and pro-growth. For this purpose complementary policies are needed to strengthen the institutional capabilities and improve the poverty situation in South Asian region.