اسلام رواداری کا علمبردار
اسلام کی رحمت و شفقت کا دائرہ کسی خاص قوم و ملت کے لیے نہیں ہے بلکہ اس کا دائرہ کار پورے عالم انسانیت تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ اسلام نے تمام مخلوق کے ساتھ نیکی ، احسان اور بھلائی کا حکم دیا ہے۔حضور اکرم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمنے فرمایا ہے:۔’’ساری مخلوق خدا کا کنبہ ہے اور اس کے نزدیک سب سے پسندیدہ مخلوق ہے جو اس کے کنبہ کے ساتھ نیکی کرے۔‘‘ (طبرانی وبیہقی)
یہ پہلا سبق تھا کتابِ ہُدیٰ کا
کہ ہے ساری مخلوق کُنبہ خدا کا
’’جوشخص لوگوں پر رحم نہیں کرتا اس پر خدا بھی رحم نہیں کرتا۔‘‘ (ترمذی)
کرو مہربانی تم اہلِ زمیں پر
خدا مہرباں ہو گا عرشِ بریں پر
مذکورہ بالا احادیث مبارکہ سے یہ بات واضح ہورہی ہے کہ اسلام رواداری کا علمبردار ہے۔ وہ ہر ایک کو برابری کی سطح پر دیکھنا چاہتا ہے۔ ایک اور مقام پر بھی کچھ اس طرح کا فرمان رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے کہ’’ اللہ تعالیٰ کی نظر میں تمام برابر ہیں‘‘ اسلام میںیہ نہیں ہے کہ جو صرف مسلمان پر رحم نہیں کرتا اس پر اللہ تعالیٰ بھی رحم نہیں کرتا ،بلکہ حکم ہے جو لوگوں میں رحم ،شفقت و محبت کے جذبات کو پروان نہیں چڑھا تا وہ خدائے لم یزل کی بے پایاں شفقتوں سے محروم ہو جاتاہے۔ اسلام میں کسی کی تخصیص نہیں کی گئی۔ یہودی ہو ، عیسائی ہو، مجوسی ہو، آتش پرست ہویا زرتشت ہوانسان ہونے کے ناطے سب برابر ہیں۔ اسی طرح ایک اور حدیث پاک میں ہے کہ جنّت ماں کے قدموں کے نیچے ہے، یہاں یہ نہیں کہا کہ ماں مسلمان ہو، با وضو ہو کر جائے نماز پر بیٹھ کر تسبیح کرنے میں مصروف ہو ،قرآن کا ابتدائی قاعدہ...
Seerah is a separate Islamic science from Hadith as their primary sources are different. Although there are some extents where there is over laying between them, but traditionally Seerah has different principles as compared to Hadith. The Scholars of Hadith were very strict in applying their rules whereas the scholars of Seerah were more flexible. The reason is, when academics were dealing with Ahadiths and deducingdivine rulings, they wanted to make sure they were founding the rulings on Ahadiths that were authentic and sound. So that is why they applied very stringent rules to accept Ahadith. However, when it came to Seerah, they were more flexible in their rules, because they study this as history of The Prophet PBUH which does not touch the Sharia rulings. So, we find that writers of Seerah would accept narrations, they would not usually accept if they were dealing with Ahadith. This practice with Seerah narrations was followed by our early scholars. But recently, there is a new movement among some of our researchers that they wanted to apply the rules of Ahadith on Seerah. We do not agree this approach and in this article, we have had a humble effort to compile a set of rules for acceptance of Seerah narrations.
This thesis is devoted to explore stellar structures as well as evolution, gravitational waves and viscous cosmology in the framework of modi¯ed theories of gravity. Firstly, we study physical characteristics of stellar structures in the absence as well as presence of electromagnetic ¯eld in the framework of f(R; T) theory. We consider the compact stars whose pressure and density are related through polytropic equation of state and MIT bag model. The energy conditions are satis¯ed and stellar con¯gurations are found stable for the assumed values of free parameters. Secondly, we discuss anisotropic non-static charged spherical as well as cylindrical sources describing the phenomena of collapse and expansion in f(R; T) theory. We analyze the behavior of density, pressures, anisotropic parameter as well as mass and examine the in°uence of charge as well as model parameter on these quantities. Thirdly, we ¯nd the polarization modes of gravitational waves for some f(R) dark energy models with the help of Newman-Penrose formalism and ¯nd two extra modes than general relativity. We also investigate the propagation of axial gravita- tional waves in the background of °at FRW universe in f(R; T) theory through axial perturbations. It is found that axial waves can induce velocity memory e®ect. Finally, we consider viscous modi¯ed Chaplygin gas interacting with f(R; T) grav- ity in °at FRW universe. We investigate the behavior of total energy density, pressure and equation of state parameter for emergent, intermediate as well as logamediate scenarios of the universe with two interacting models. It is found that bulk viscos- ity enhances the expansion for the intermediate and logamediate scenarios. We also study the evolution using LRS Bianchi type-I model and discuss the behavior of scale factors as well as deceleration parameter in dark energy dominated era for di®erent bulk viscosity models. We conclude that expansion is faster when bulk viscosity is proportional to the Hubble parameter.