قرآن کا تصور رنگ: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

In the Holy Quran several names of different colours have been described, denoting various meanings. Colour is the natural phenomenon of the universal power. To understand the colours  properly, Our ancestors have undertaken their deep observation vehemently and passionately. Each colour has its own distinctive feature. The Yellow colour has been interpreted as a pleasure giving one. Similarly, if white colour, on the one hand is the metaphor for the dawn’s light, on the other hand it gives the meaning of happiness and on turning of one blind. Black colour is the natural phenomenon of the darkness of night and mourning same in the case of Green, which are used in the Holy Quran for denoting different meaning. White colour is the colour which possesses peculiarities greater in quantity than all of the other colours  followed by the derivation of some Islamic Provisions also. In this article efforts have been made to present a discourse regarding the various kinds of   colours discussed in the Holy Quran diagnosing the same from different angles.

Taxonomy and Distribution of Rhinoceroses from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan

Taxonomic studies of the abundant and diverse rhinoceros fossil materials from different formations of the Siwaliks, Pakistan, were undertaken. Most of the fossil remains came from the previously described localities. However some new localities were also explored for the collection of specimens. Over all fifty four specimens, collected from different localities of the lower, middle and upper Siwaliks are described in this dissertation. Among fifty; nine specimens belong to the genus Rhinoceros, two specimens belong to the genus Punjabitherium, fifteen specimens belong to the genus Gaindatherium, seven specimens belong to the genus Alicornops, thirteen specimens belong to the genus Brachypotherium, and eight specimens belong to the genus Chilotherium. All the described specimens include some complete maxillary and mandibular tooth series, isolated teeth and fragments of maxillae or mandibles. A complete right and left maxillary tooth series (P1-M3) of Rhinoceros sivalensis is described for the first time from the Tatrot Fm. of the upper Siwaliks. Fossil remains of Rhinoceros sondaicus and Punjabitherium platyrhinus are also a new addition to the rhinoceros fauna of the Pinjor Fm. of the upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Alicornops complanatum a new binomen proposed by Antoine et al., (2003c) is considered valid in the present study for Chilotherium intermedium complanatum (Heissig, 1972). Alicornops aff. laogouense is also described for the first time from the Kamlial Fm. of the lower Siwaliks of Pakistan. Maps showing the stratigraphic ranges of the various taxa of the Siwalik rhinoceroses in correlation to the published records are also presented herein this dissertation. The fossil material was collected from fifteen different localities of the Siwalik Fms. A new fossiliferous locality at Lava (Chinji Fm., Lower Siwaliks), district Chakwal, has been discovered.