شیخ نذیر حسین
(ڈاکٹر محمود الحسن عارف)
’’محترم شیخ نذیر حسین صاحب بڑے عالم و محقق اور علم و فن کے قدرداں تھے، ’’معارف‘‘ ان کا محبوب رسالہ تھا، اگر ان کی کوئی چیز تیار ہوجاتی تو اس میں اشاعت کے لیے بھیجتے، معارف میں کوئی مسامحت اور فروگذاشت ہوجاتی تو فوراً توجہ دلاتے، ایسے صاحب نظر اور دیدہ ور لوگ اب عنقا ہوگئے ہیں، جب تک وہ اچھے تھے شاید ہی کوئی مہینہ ناغہ جاتا ہو کہ ان کا خط نہ آتا ہو، ادہر علالت کی وجہ سے جب ان کے خطوط آنے بند ہوئے تو میں نے شعبہ اردو، دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ لاہور کو متعدد خطوط لکھے مگر ایک خط کا بھی جواب نہیں آیا کہ دفعتہ ۲۲؍ اکتوبر کو یہ تحریر اور منسلک خط موصول ہوا تو دھک سے رہ گیا، قارئین معارف سے درخواست ہے کہ ان کے لیے دعائے مغفرت کریں!
ربنا اغفرلنا ولا خواننا الذین سبقونا بالایمان۔ ‘‘[الحشر:۱۰] (ض)
پانچ سوا پانچ فٹ منحنی سا جسم، ابرؤوں کے بال موٹے اور بے ترتیب، کلین شیو، چہرہ اور کمر قدرے خمیدہ․․․․․․ یہ تمام باتیں ذہن میں رکھیں تو اس سے فوراً شیخ نذیر حسین صاحب کی شکل و صورت ذہن میں آتی ہے․․․․․․ وہ اپنی وضع قطع اور چہرے مہرے سے قطعاً کوئی عالمِ دین یا اسکالر نظر نہیں آتے تھے، بلکہ ایک عام سے فرد دکھائی دیتے تھے۔
۷۰ء کی دہائی کے آخری سالوں میں جب میں اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ میں پہلے پہل آیا․․․․․․ تو میں نے ڈاکٹر سید عبداﷲ، پروفیسر سید امجد الطاف، پروفیسر عبدالقیوم کے ساتھ مذکورہ بالا․․․․․․ چہرے مہرے کے ایک شخص․․․․․․ کو دیکھا تو مجھے ان کی وضع قطع کی بنا پر تعجب ہوا کہ یہ کون صاحب ہیں، پھر مجھ پر منکشف ہوا کہ یہ تو اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ کے مدیر شیخ نذیر حسین...
Christianity is the top most practiced religion on earth and has over a billion followers across the nations. It is therefore a very important topic of interest in the field of comparative religious studies. To understand the ideology of this religion, it is very important to get familiarize with the name, introduction to its believes, the important scriptures and references. This article encompasses the Introduction of: Christianity, Canonical Gospels and 3. Basic believes/ belief system of Christianity
Gastrointestinal parasitic (GI) nematodes are among the most economically important parasites to livestock costing the North American cattle industry alone more than $2 billion per year. The GI parasitic nematode species H. placei and H. contortus are amongst the most common and highly pathogenic parasite species of ruminants worldwide. Although these parasites have strong host preferences, they can infect multiple host species and co-infections have been reported. H. contortus is most commonly found in sheep and goats, whereas the closely related nematode H. placei is most common in cattle and buffalo. The two parasite species are phylogenetically close and experimental co-transplantation of adult parasites can result in hybridization between the two species to produce F1 progeny which, although sterile for inter-F1 mating, can propagate when backcrossed against the parental species. Hybridization between the species is an interesting phenomenon for the transfer of genetic material. The transfer of the resistance mutations from the H. contortus (high resistant) to H. placei (low resistant) is possible due to the process of hybridization. Hence, the interspecies hybridization is of particular interest due to its potential to provide a mechanism of drug resistance. Samples of Haemonchus spp. were collected from each abattoir of each district from 40 animals (cattle and buffaloes) over the year. A total of 240 (n=180 cattle, n=60 buffalo) worms were subjected for the collection of samples from 6 districts of Punjab over the year. Twenty worms per population on an average were subjected for the collection of samples from each abattoir. Age and sex of the animal were recorded at the time of collection of samples. Samples were preserved in 70% ethanol and transferred to lab for further processing. Genetic analysis was accomplished in a set of studies. Through Pyrosequencing of the rDNA, ITS-2 and P24, SNPs were investigated the extent to which co-infections between H. placei and H. contortus species occured in cattle and buffalo hosts in Pakistan. Interspecies hybridization and/or introgression of BZ-conferring mutations between the H. placei and H. contortus in the populations is analysed through 4 different validated genetic markers. (i) Sequencing of the rDNA ITS-2 region. (ii) PCR amplification and sequencing of the isotype-1 β-tubulin (iii) Microsatellite analysis of hybrid worms. Phylogenetic network analysis of hybrid β-tubulin isotype-1 sequences also used for identification of resistance alleles arisen independently in different parasite populations, as opposed to being introduced by migration, determined the relative importance of quarantine drenching versus other aspects of ‘on-farm’ anthelmintic use. We then undertook a phylogenetic analysis of resistance and susceptible alleles in these populations to investigate the different models of the origins and spread of BZ resistance mutations. Two statistical tests (Sign Test and Wilcoxon Test) were used for the population bottlenecking effect. According to the mod shift analysis, all populations had a normal L-shaped distribution. The overall results suggested that population studies did not diverge from genetic drift equilibrium. To prevent co-infection/ hybridization, stop co-grazing of small and large ruminants. For the control of spread of drug resistance, stop animal movement from one (resistant) to other (susceptible) area. By the use of deep amplicon sequencing technique, diagnose early stage of resistance to prevent the emergence and spread of drug resistance by using alternative drug groups.