حکام بالا ،بااختیارمقتدر عہدیداران اور ملازمین و اہلکاروں کے بغیر نظام حکومت نہیں چل سکتا ۔ حکام میں صدر ، وزیراعظم ، گورنرز، وزرا ءسےمشیروں تک، قضاۃ سے لے کر فیصلہ لکھنے والوں تک اور مفتیان کرام تک سب شامل ہیں ۔ ان سب مناصب پر اہل ، ایماندار اور قابل لوگوں کا تقرر لازمی امر ہے ۔ ان حکام کے انتخاب کے لیے شریعت مطہرہ نے اصول و ضوابط مقرر فرمائے ہیں جو کہ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
2.1ریاستی عہدوں پر اہل افراد کا تقرر
سیاست کا ایک بنیادی اصول یہ ہے کہ ریاست میں انتظامی امورکی انجام دہی کے لیے تمام عہدوں اور مناصب پر اہل، باصلاحیت اور ایماندار افراد کا تقرر کیا جاناچاہئے ۔ حکومت کے اختیارات اور اموال اللہ اور اس کے رسول ﷺ کی امانت ہیں جنہیں خداترس، ایماندار اور عادل لوگوں کے سپردکیا جانا چاہئے اور اس امانت میں کسی شخص کواپنی مرضی کے مطابق ، یا نفسانی اغراض کے لئے استعمال کرنے کاحق نہیں ہے ۔ جب کسی منصب پرکسی نااہل شخص کا تقرر ہوتا ہے تومعاشرہ میں بدامنی، ظلم وزیادتی اور بے چینی کا آنا لازمی امر ہے، جیسا کہ حضرت ابو ہریرہؓ سے روایت ہے
"فَإِذَا ضُیِّعَتِ الأَمَانَۃُ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ، قَال کَیْفَ إِضَاعَتُہَا؟قَال إِذَا وُسِّدَ الأَمْرُ إِلَی غَیْرِ أَھلِہِ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ ۔" 345
’’ جب امانت ضائع کردی جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ پوچھا کہ یا رسول اللہ امانت کیسے ضائع ہوگی۔ آپ ﷺنے جواب دیا کہ جب کوئی منصب کسی نا اہل کے سپرد کردیا جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ ‘‘
اقربا پروری، تعلقات اورسفارش کی بنیاد پر جب عہدے تقسیم کیے جاتے ہیں تو اس کا نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ نااہل اورناتجربہ کار لوگ عہدوں پر قابض ہو کر خلق خدا کو پریشان کرتے ہیں اور نظامِ حکومت برباد ہو...
Menstruation is a factor that reflects a woman's functional potential which can be influenced by a number of variables including age, family history, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity, personality, exercise, weight, height, stress, infection, percentage of fat distribution and hormonal. Physical exercise or sports affect the menstrual cycle of the participants of martial art Muhammadiyah. This study aims to determine the effect of physical activity on the menstrual cycle, namely female combatants in the martial art Muhammadiyah arts education. According to research conducted in a number of countries, including other developing countries, it is said that menstrual disorders are quite a problem faced by Hillard women and found that female students show more frequent problems with irregular menstruation.
Sustainable development is a new and emerging concept of development. It differs from other indices of human development that ignore environment. It has three dimensions. They are economy, society and environment. It encompasses welfare of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations. The foremost objective of this study was to construct a sustainable development index by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method for 58 developed and developing countries in the period of 2000-2015 and then investigated the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. In this study, thirty nine indicators from society, economy and environmental dimensions were selected. The index value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 shows low sustainable development and 1 shows high sustainable development. The data of indicators used in sustainable development index was taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) and United Nations Organization Statistics (UNO Stat). Corruption was measured by Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and its data was taken from Transparency International (TI). Governance index was measured by four indices of governance by using PCA method. They were regulatory quality, political stability, government effectiveness and voices and accountability. The data of governance index was taken from World Governance Indicators (WGI). The determinants of corruption were explored against governance index, sustainable development index and other control variables. Panel Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) technique was used for exploring the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. Further, removing endogeneity and heterogeneity from the model, System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and difference GMM estimation technique was used. The results indicated that sustainable development index, governance index, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables were significant and have negative impact on corruption. The determinants of governance and its components were checked against corruption, sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability. The results indicated that corruption has negative, while sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability have positive impact on governance and its components. The determinants of sustainable development were investigated through corruption, governance, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables for panel of overall economies, panel of high income and panel of low income viii economies. The results indicated that corruption has negative impact on sustainable development, while governance index and its components, law and order, democratic accountability and political globalization have positive impact on sustainable development. The policy implications from empirical findings of this study are as follows. For reducing corruption, it should improve sustainable development, governance, democratic accountability and law and order. For improving governance, the sustainable development, democratic accountability and law and order should be better, corruption should be reduce for good governance. Finally, for improving sustainable development, corruption should be reduce and governance, democratic accountability, law and order and political globalization should be improve. The future research will be targeted to construct a sustainable development index for all countries of the world and will analyze the impact of corruption and governance on sustainable development.