مولانا ابو سلمہ شفیع احمد بہاری
بہارکی سرزمین سے آخری دورمیں جوچند نامور علماء پیداہوئے ان میں جناب مولانا ابو سلمہ شفیع بہاری رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ اپنے علم وفضل ،تقویٰ و طہارت ،دینی و علمی خدمت ،نیک نفسی ، تدریس وتعلیم ،تصنیف وتالیف ،ارشاد وتبلیغ اوردیگر دینی وعلمی کارناموں کی وجہ سے خاص مقام ومرتبہ رکھتے ہیں، افسوس کہ علم وعمل کایہ چراغ دوشنبہ ۲۲؍ دسمبر ۱۹۸۵ء کوکلکتہ کی سرزمین میں چھپ گیا رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ وغفراﷲ لہٗ۔ نماز جنازہ جناب مولانا حکیم محمدزماں صاحب حسینی نے پڑھائی، عام اندازہ کے مطابق جنازہ میں تیس چالیس ہزار مسلمان شریک تھے، جومولانا مرحوم کی عنداﷲ وعندالناس مقبولیت کاکھلا ہواثبوت ہے۔
مولانامرحوم نے نام ونمود سے نفوراور شہرت وناموری سے دوررہ کرپوری زندگی دینی وعلمی خدمات میں بسرکی،اس لیے مناسب معلوم ہوتاہے کہ ان کی زندگی کاخاکہ ناظرین کے سامنے آجائے۔ آپ ۱۹۱۲ء میں بہار شریف میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے والد مولانا حکیم امیرحسن صاحبؒ سے حاصل کی ا ور عربی کی ابتدائی کتابیں اپنے خسر مولانااصغر حسن صاحبؒ پرنسپل مدرسہ اسلامیہ شمس الہدیٰ پٹنہ سے پڑھیں، اس کے بعد مدرسہ قومیّہ میں داخل ہوکر سند حاصل کی، پھر مدرسہ عزیزیہ بہار شریف میں داخلہ لیا۔ان دنوں مولانا مسعود عالم ندوی مرحوم بھی اسی مدرسہ میں زیر تعلیم تھے ،دونوں حضرات کی دوستی یہیں سے شروع ہوئی اورآخری وقت تک قائم رہی۔آخرمیں دارالعلوم دیوبند تشریف لے گئے، یہاں ایک سال رہ کر جامعہ اسلامیہ ڈابھیل سُورت (گجرات) چلے گئے اوریہیں سے سند فراغت پائی،آپ کے اساتذہ میں مولانا محمدانور شاہ کشمیریؒ ، مولانا شبیراحمدصاحب عثمانیؒ اورمشہور ادیب مولانا ابوعبداﷲ بن یوسف سورتی ؒ ہیں، مولانامفتی عتیق الرحمن صاحب عثمانی ؒ سے بھی بعض کتابیں پڑھیں۔
فراغت کے بعد وطن آکرمدرسہ قومیہ میں تعلیم وتدریس میں لگ گئے،اسی کے ساتھ سیاسی اور ملّی وقومی تحریکات میں...
Islam and the West are two competitor civilizations of 21st century. West is much fear by the rapid expansion of Islam. It is imagined that very soon Islam is going to become a major religion of the Europe. Now European think tanks are constantly working to present a negative picture of Islam. Bernard Lewis is trying his best to prove that Islam is not a suitable civilization and religion for the world. As there are different classes of citizens within Islamic State and society and all the citizens are not equal in Islamic teachings and practice like women, slaves and Non-Muslims. Whereas, his presented theories are quite different than real teachings and practice of Islam. All the citizens of Islamic State are equal before law but there is difference of responsibilities according to their abilities. This article is presenting a critical and real discussion about the social inequalities blamed by Bernard Lewis, existing in Islamic state and society.
Drought is a severe problem for the citrus industry in Pakistan. The major citrus rootstocks being used in Pakistan were not yet properly standardized against drought stress, and citrus farmers of water scarce areas feel difficulty in finding suitable rootstocks. So there was a need to find rootstock for water-limited environments. Keeping in view the said problems, a study was conducted in Pakistan and the United States of America (USA) on twenty citrus rootstocks. The first experiment was conducted in the PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan where ten six month of age rootstocks (raised from seed) under plastic tunnel were evaluated in 3 liter pots against four available % water capacities (100, 70, 40 and 10) in soil. A tensiometer was used for monitoring soil field capacity (FC) as well. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates was laid out. The second experiment was conducted in the USA where ten citrus progeny rootstocks (raised from seeds) taken from the University of California Riverside were transplanted into polyvinyl chloride pipes filled with sand plus turface with a ratio of 70:30 respectively. These were evaluated against three field capacities, where 500 ml water was provided after 3, 5 and 7 days interval and was termed as high, medium and low FC % respectively. An experimental design CRD with three treatments and five replicates was used in a glass house. After two months of transplantations, data regarding morpho-physiological, leaf gas exchange rate, leaf water potential (LWP) and biochemical parameters were collected for both experiments. The xylem diameter plays a vital role in water up take, so it was made part of study. The scanning of xylem diameter of the salient citrus rootstocks was done at the end xxii of experiment in USA by scanning electron microscope to find out their interactions with the stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductivities. All assessed parameters were highly affected under drought conditions. Results depicted that rootstock performance showed phenotypic variation in water stress response. Generally, linear and positive correlations between water levels and morpho-physiological responses of citrus rootstocks phenotypes were expressed. Resistant rootstocks (Savage citrange, Rough lemon, Flying dragon, Citron citrange and Gada dehi) exhibited maximized stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), and relative water contents (RWC) %. In addition, a sharp increase in proline and a minimized electrolyte leakage percentage were also expressed by said rootstocks. Savage citrange, Gada dehi, Flying dragon and Citron citrange could be an option for water scarce soils other than Rough lemon in Pakistan. Moreover, the broadly cultivated rootstock Rough lemon‟s laboratory and field performance still showed potential against drought in Pakistan and USA. Rootstock C-35 followed by Skw X Eng. trifoliate, Rich trifoliate and Rubidoux trifoliate proved good under least water regime in USA and expressed drought tolerant physio-chemical indicators with respect to stomatal conductance, LWP, RWC percentage, proline and minerals. Brazilian Sour Orange which is well `grown in Pakistan showed low performance against changing water regime in USA. Xylem electron micrographs depicted that the xylem diameter was more positively correlated with water potential than stomatal conductance, and xylem vessels of the water resistant rootstocks were in more organized form than that of sensitive rootstocks.