آہ! پروفیسر اختر اورنیوی
گزشتہ اپریل میں بہار کے پروفیسر ڈاکٹر اختر اورنیوی کی وفات کی خبر بہت دکھ اور غم کے ساتھ سنی ہم دونوں ہم درس اور ہم جماعت تو نہیں رہے، لیکن ہماری طالب علمی کا زمانہ ایک ہی تھا، وہ شروع میں سائنس کے طالب علم تھے، آئی ایس سی کرکے پٹنہ میڈیکل کالج میں داخل ہوئے، مگر وہاں ان کی صحت خراب ہوئی تو اٹکی اور رانچی کے سینی ٹوریم میں رہ کر صحت یاب ہوئے، میڈیکل کالج چھوڑ کر پٹنہ کالج میں آرٹس کی تعلیم حاصل کرنے لگے، ہم دونوں ۳۶ء میں ایم۔اے اردو کے امتحان میں ساتھ شریک تھے، اس کے نتیجہ میں ان کا نام سرفہرست تھا، میرا نام ان کے بعد تھا، وہ ایم۔اے کرنے کے بعد پٹنہ کالج میں اردو کے لکچرار ہوئے، اس زمانہ میں ڈاکٹر سید محمود مرحوم بہار کے وزیر تعلیم تھے۔ وہ کالج میں اردو کے ایک لائق استاد کے تقرر کے خواہش مند تھے، اس لئے انھوں نے امیدواروں کا انٹرویو خود لیا، درجہ میں باضابطہ سبق پڑھانے کو بھی کہا اختر اورنیوی صاحب ان کے معیار پر پورے اترے، وہ ایک استاد کی حیثیت سے طلبہ میں بہت مقبول رہے، جو نہ صرف ان کی صلاحیت اور قابلیت بلکہ ان کے ذاتی اوصاف کی بھی قدر کرتے، آخرمیں وہ پٹنہ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو کے صدر اور پروفیسر ہوگئے تھے، انھوں نے اردو زبان و ادب کے ارتقاء پر ایک مقالہ لکھ کر ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری بھی حاصل کی، بہار کے جن شاعروں، مصنفوں اور نقادوں پر اس وقت تک سیر حاصل بحث نہیں ہوئی ہے، اس کی تلافی ان کے مقالہ سے ہوگئی اور وہ بھی ایک اچھے مصنف کی صف میں داخل ہوگئے، اس کے بعد سے جب ان کا کوئی مقالہ کہیں شائع ہوتا، تو اردو کے ادبی...
Islam, as a religion, has a clear distinguished. It gives evident rules, religious obligations, terms and conditions to his followers. Every Muslim should follow these commands. The logic behind the traditions of holy prophet (pbuh) which are in prohibition of resemblance with polytheist and unbelievers is, these are compulsory for a religious person to remain in touch his own culture and civilization. Through the traditions of the holy prophet, we concluded that he (pbuh) strictly disliked any Muslim to adopt and copy of non-Muslim’s deeds which leaving Islamic culture civilization, because all the non-Muslims have their own religious obligations. However, Islam condemn all religious obligations, festivals and conditions that are against Islam. If, a Muslim is doing such deeds against the teaching of Islam, what would be the result of this behavior and attitude according to Islam? In this article, same rules and conditions are discussed to discriminate the differences and its impact between the cultures of Islam and other religions. What would be the result of this behavior and attitude according to Islam? And author presented many principles is this regard so a Muslim may be able to distinguish his religious and as well as his cultural values in Islamic society.
Sugarcane is the most important cash crop in Pakistan; however, yield ha-1 is low. The present study was started to investigate in the year 2012 in order to examine the role of extension services in promoting sugarcane production, analyze the existing techniques of extension services, identify the main factors responsible for un-satisfactory performance of extension services of sugarcane production and finally compare the present yield against high yielding varieties. Two districts: Mardan and Charsadda (famous and most important sugarcane growing areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) were purposively selected as sample frame locations for this research. Multi-stage sampling methods were used to collect data from 336 sugarcane growers through pre-tested interview schedule. T-test and chi-square test were conducted to treat multivariate variables. The study concentrated on the views of share croppers, owner cultivator, owner–cum tenant and tenant farmers keeping in view their landholding factors. Majority (80 %) of the farmers was illiterate and depended on fellow farmers for information on new technologies of sugarcane. The information was not only primitive but also scientifically un-recommended. Because of high rates of illiteracy, the farmers could not be benefitted from the new information on sugarcane technologies disseminated by electronic and print media. Consequently the sugarcane yield remained low and could not increase. The sugarcane growers could not get the modern technological information on sugarcane from the Extension Department for a number of reasons: the limited visits by the extension workers to the sugarcane growers’ fields (may be because of insufficient staff, lack of transport facilities and absence of check and balance system) as majority of farmers were still growing the outdated varieties. The Agriculture Extension Department was also responsible for non-provision of HYV of sugarcane, information on IPM, weed control, recommended doses and use of recommended insecticides and pesticides of sugarcane crop. The major problems faced by sugarcane growers were shortage of irrigation water (canals and tube wells), lack of well-organized water management systems, exploitation of sugar mills and input unavailability (such as chemicals and machineries at the right time). The farmers still use the outdated chemicals such as Regind, Millathian and Puradan. It is recommended that required inputs may be made available in the local market at reasonable prices when needed by the farmers. An improved sugarcane package may be developed by the Agricultural Extension Department and not only publicize it but also distribute the package to the farmers on their doorsteps in the form of literature to guide them in a perfect sense by using important methods during demonstration sessions. Subsidy on inputs and prices of Agricultural Machinery may be provided to the farming community rather than exploiting under the umbrella of Government supervision.