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Screening of wheat genotypes against yellow stripe rust

Thesis Info

Author

Rabia Bushra

Supervisor

Shamim Akhtar

Department

Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

ix, 67

Subject

Bioinformatics & Biotechnology

Language

English

Other

MS 633.119 RAS

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722644808

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المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

نُشِرت قصیدۃ ’’الکولیرا‘‘ في بیروت ووصلت نسختھا ببغداد في أول کانون الأول عام 1947م وفي النصف الثاني من الشھر نفسہ صدر دیوان بدر شاکر السیّاب (أزھار ذابلۃ) في بغداد، تقول نازک بأن في ھذا الدیوان قصیدۃ حرۃ الوزن ولہ في بحر الرمل عنواناً (ھل کان حباً) ولکن علق علی ھذہ القصیدۃ في الحاشیۃ بأنھا من "الشعر مختلف الأوزان والقوافي" وھذا النموذج منھا :


 ھل یکون الحبّ أني
 بتّ[1] عبداً للتمني
 أم ھو الحب أطراح الأمنیات
 والتقاء الثغر بالثغر ونسیان الحیاۃ
 واختفاء العین في العین انتشاء
 کانثیال عاد یفني في ھدیر
 أو کظل في غدیر[2]

ثم وضحت الشاعرہ نازک الملائکۃ في قضایا الشعر المعاصر بأن ظھور قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) و (ھل کان حباً) لم یلفت نظر الجمھور والقراء؛ ولکن حصل تعلیق واحد فقط في مجلۃ (العروبۃ) علی أسلوب ووزن قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) ولکن مضت سنتان لم یکتب أحد شعراً حراً ولا تعلیقاً آخر علی الشعر الحر۔ ولکن عندما ظھر دیوان نازک الملائکۃ (شظایا ورماد) عام 1949م قامت ضجۃ شدیدۃ في صحف العراق ومناقشات في الأوساط الأدبیۃ، فبعضھم تنبأوا لھذہ الدعوۃ الجدیدۃ بالفشل وبعضھم تشجعوا واستجابوا لہ۔



[1] بتّ ، مأخوذ من بات والمقصود قضى الليل

[2] الملائکۃ، نازک، قضایا الشعر المعاصر(بیروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملایین) الطبعۃ الثانیۃ عشرۃ، 
ینایر 2004م، ص36 ۔

الأساليب النبوية في معالجة التطرف الديني

The existing study sheds light on the Shariah principles as laid down by the holy Prophet to eliminate the contemporary scourge of extremism. In fact, this scourge has won international significance which does not belong to a specific society, class, language or place. It is found in different forms in different societies. It is imperative for the formation of rules to curtail and exterminate in the light of the teachings of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H.) which could accrue results having long-lasting impacts on religious affairs as Islamic Shariah emphasizes for broadmindedness to discourages its growth. Islamic Shariah has insisted upon avoiding every kind of extremism and fanaticism. It has further scared man from the effect of such extremism. To eliminate extremism, teachings of the Holy Quran and the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H.) be made common which teach us respect of mankind and protection of life and property. The last sermon of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H.), which is the essence of the principles of his (P.B.U.H.) teachings, may be a foundation to provide guidelines for it. The following article is an attempt to streamline this address for the elimination of this scourge

Study of Anharmonic Effects in the Presence of Adparticles at the Surfaces of Crystals of Noble Metals

The anharmonic effects at/near the surfaces of noble metals in the presence of adparticles have been presented at 300, 500 and 700 K temperatures. The Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out for Cu(111), Cu(311), Cu(210) and Ag(111) surfaces using realistic many-body interatomic potentials obtained from the Embedded Atom Methods (EAM). In a comparative study of the structure and the dynamics of the close packed as well as open surfaces, the calculated shifts in the interlayer spacing, mean square displacement, surface diffusion and surface defects (fissure, dislocation and vacancy) show the onset of anharmonic effects at the characteristic temperatures. Fir the Cu(311) surface interlayer relaxations show a uniform damping in magnitude of oscillatory order (-, +, - , +, . . . ), while for the Cu(210) surface they reveal a non-uniform damping in magnitude with moving away from the surface. The plane registry relaxation at both (311) and (210) surfaces exhibits no order for damping. The diffusion of adatoms on the (111) surface of Ag and Cu has been studied to examine the surface anharmonicity. The diffusion coefficient, effective energy barrier and diffusion prefactor of Cu pentamer on Ag(111) are calculated. The MD simulations at 300, 500 and 700 K show that the diffusivity obeys the Arrhenius Law. An Arrhenius plot of the diffusion coefficients provides an effective energy barrier of 205.25 ±10 meV and a diffusion prefactor 5.549× 1012 Å2/s. A striking feature of a pop-up of single-atom at 700 K among 5-atom island is observed. The effective energy barrier obtained from the xiii Arrhenius plot is in excellent agreement with those extracted from scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. During the diffusion of Cu- and Ag-trimer on Cu- and Ag(111) surfaces at 300, 500 and 700 K temperatures, the constant energy MD simulation are consistent with anharmonic effects at the surface such as fissures, dislocations and vacancy generation in the presence of a island. The fissures and dislocations formed are in the range of 1.5–4 Å and 1–7 Å respectively from the island position. The Cu and Ag islands both diffuse easily on the Cu(111) surface, and indicate that diffusion is faster on the Cu surface as compared to the Ag surface. The process of breaking and opening of the island has been also observed. A surface atom is popped-up at 700 K by generating a vacancy near the Cu island at the Ag surface. The energy of vacancy generation at the Ag surface is found to be Ev = 1.078 eV, in the presence of a Cu trimer. The popped-up Ag adatom combines with Cu the trimer, making a mixed-tetramer (Cu3–Ag island). The adsorption energy of a copper atom from the mixed tetramer island into the substitutional site is Es = ∼– 0.813 eV, leaving a mixed-trimer (Cu2–Ag island) at Ag(111). The rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature, both for homo and hetero cases. Furthermore, we comment on the effect of adparticles diffusion on the harmonic behavior of the surfaces in the anharmonic regime.