تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Studies of the Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Matrix Tablets With Selected Anti-Diabetic Drugs

Acarbose, an oral a-glycosidase inhibitor, is frequently employed for management of Non-Insulin dependent diabetes. Primarily it deeds by reducing plasma glucose level through slothful absorption of starches and sugars from intestine.Glipizide & Repaglinide, are 2nd generation sulfonyl-urea and act, by increasing insulin secretion, but binds to different betacell receptor sites. They are used alone / adjunct to diet to the management of type-II (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in patients whose hyper-glycemia cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone.Owing to their short half life, dosage frequency / schedule, patient non-compliance, economic factors and adverse effects on GIT, they are wellthought-out to be good candidates for preparation into Modified release, dosage forms. Keeping this in view during pre-formulation work, emphasis was laid on detailed study of parameters such as optical-rotation, melting-point, %age-purity, particle-size, sizedistribution, solubility at different temperatures & pH, FTIR spectra for conformation, λ max determination, micro-meritic properties of selected drug(s), polymers and in-active ingredients used in this research work. DSC and FTiR studies were done to check interaction of drug with polymers and excipients.During this study attention was also concentrated on some contributing approaches to improve the dissolution rates of Glipizide & Repaglinide, which are insoluble/sparingly soluble drug(s). For this purpose solid dispersions of Glipizide & Repaglinide, were prepared by solvent evaporation technique, using Carbopole,, as dispersion carrier. The drug carrier interactions were studied through SEM, DSC, FTIR & X-ray diffraction analysis. The influence of proportional amount of the carrier on the dissolution rate of Glipizide & Repaglinide, were also investigated. The results did not show any chemical decomposition or well defined interaction between drugs and carrier, indicating a praiseworthy compatibility amid them. The solid dispersions with Carbopole, demonstrated an evident increase in the dissolution rate and solubility of Glipizide & Repaglinide. The boost in the dissolution rate and solubility of Glipizide & Repaglinide, could be attributed to several factors such as improved wettability, local solubilization, conversion from crystalline form to amorphous form and drugs particle size reduction. Directly compressed CR matrix tablets, using granular Ethocel® standard premium & Ethocel® standard F P premium were aimed, equipped and assessed invitro, in the first instance, followed by invivo evaluation of the best Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, K.P. products. Physico chemical evaluation of the framed tablets was accomplished, using different physico.chemical, dimensional and QC-tests etc. Findings of all these experiments were found to be with in acceptable range and tablets met the pharmacotechnical requirments. The influence of different viscosity grades of Ethocel® on t h e t ab l et characteristics, drug release rates, release-patterns & release-kinetics were probed. Ethocel® with lower viscosity grades revealed good compressibility, resultant in harder tablets. Particle size and amount of polymer used were found to be the determining factors, in regulating the release rates of Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide, from the tablets. The mechanism of drug release from the tablets seemed to differ from formulation to formulation, principally dependent on the amount of Ethocel® and particle size of the polymer used. More over the research concentrated on the consequence of partial replacement of primary active/ in-active ingredients (lactose) by various coexcipients such as HPMC, starch & CMC on the release rate and mechanism of drugs release from the matrix tablets. All of the coexcipients used improved the release.rates to different extent.Invitro studies revealed that tablet formulations containing polymer Ehocel® standard 7FP-premium, at D: P ratio 010: 3 & 01:3 were the best amidst the preparations for all three drugs (Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide) singly, as they delivered boosted release patterns with optimum amount of the drugs released in 024 hrs, and due to their extended release rates, with either zero or near to zero-order release kinetics.The optimized Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide matrix tablets designs were further used for invitro & invivo bio-availability, bio-equivalence & stabilities studies as compared to the comparative studies with available marketed, conventional tablets of Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide. Stability studies were accomplished on the optimized preparation for a period of 1 year both in ambient and accelerated conditions and the tablets were re-assessed physicochemicaly at different intervals of time. The results attained demonstrated maximum stability for 1 year.The comparative invitro dissolution studies, revealed prolonged release rate of test formulations as 96.39%, 88.09% & 89.73% of Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide released after 24 hours, correspondingly, while in all of the available marketed conventional formulations, drugs were released well before 24 hours. Invivo studies of the best formulated tablets were led by using HPLC based modified techniques meant at analysis of Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide in rabbit’s-plasma. Measured plasma concentrations of the drug(s) were used in calculation of pharmaco-kinetic parameters for the CR, test tablets and reference marketed conventional preparations of Acarbose ,Glipizide & Repaglinide using PK Win Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, K.P. Nolin, software(Win.Nolin®Ver 5.2.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountan.View, CA, USA). Intentionally prolonged Tmax, t1/2 and MRT0-t of the test CR matrix tablets of model drug(s) point toward smooth and extended absorption phase of the drugs under research. The test CR, tablets exhibited better and linear in-vitro & in-vivo correlation as compared to reference marketed, conventional tablet preparations. Conclusion: It is concluded that a good controlled release formulation of Acarbose, Glipizide and Repaglinide can be prepared without risk of possible interactions using Ethocel® standard 7FP and Ethocel® 7 Premium polymer to avoid risk of side effects of Acarbose, Glipizide & Repaglinide and to improve patient compliance. Hence it is determined that acarbose,Glipizide & Repaglinide can be loaded to controlled release matrix tablet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus with better compliance and improve efficacy.