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A critical analysis of metritocracy in public sector offices of government of Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Ahmed Raza Abbasi

Department

Department of Sociology

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Sociology

Language

English

Other

MA/MSc 305.35491 ABC

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 22:39:41

ARI ID

1676722710865

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Chapter 1: Works of Shāh Walī Allāh and his Decedents

Life of Shāh Walī Allāh

Shāh Walī Allāh has written an article titled “al- Juz’ al- Laṭīf fī tarjamat al- ‘Abd al-Ẓa‘īf” in his book “Anfās al ‘Ārifīn” in which he has described his life history. Following are the events of his life as narrated by him:

            “I was born on Wednesday 4thShawwāl, 1114 A. H at sunrise… Parents and other saints had received the intuitions about me even before and after my birth. I was sent to Maktab at the age of five and when I was about seven my father made me offer prayers and commanded me to observe fast. In the same year, circumcision was done and after having finished the Qur’ān I took up studying books in Arabic and Persian. At the age of ten, I was going through “Sharaḥ Mullā” and during that time the field of studies opened up for me. I was married at fourteen as my father had desired an early wedding…. I gave my hand to my father’s hand at the age of fifteen and got busy taking up Ashghāl-e-Ṣufīah, especially the Mashā’ikh-e-Naqshband. I set up my spiritual discourse after having sought their attention and motivation to acquire the grooming about norms of religious practices and spiritual uplift through Sufiism. In the same year, I studied a part of Beḍāvī Sharīf and then my father arranged a general feast where he accorded me permission to deliver dars. In short, I learned all the disciplines of that area (‘Ulūm-e-Mutadāwalah) at the age of fifteen and went through all the books linked with these fields in chronological order. In the field of Ḥadīth, leaving aside its part from Kitāb al-bay‘ upto Kitāb al-ādāb, I went through the remaining complete Mishkāt, Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī upto Kitāb al-ṭahārah...

یہودیت، عیسائیت اور اسلام میں اجزائے حیوانات کے احکام کا تقابلی جائزہ

Almighty Allah bestowed honors and respect to mankind. Keeping in view the honor of mankind, Allah SWT blessed them also a purified, cleanse and Halal [permissible & Lawful] food. Moreover, the religious teachings are very clear and transparent in this regard to highlight the difference between what is beneficial and useful for them and what is harmful and injurious. Almighty Allah is very kind and compassionate to his servants and described definite commands and orders about such Animals which are adequate and effective to mankind and counts them in Halal category and otherwise are considered Restricted and Haram [impressible & unlawful]. So all kinds of animals which are harmful are prohibited with exception of their some body organs and which are useful are described with their all qualities are halal in mentioned divine religions i.e. Judaism, Christianity and Islam coupled with little changes in rulings about the use of body organs of impermissible animals like use of bones or skin etc. The paper emphasis on describing the disparities of three divine religions regarding the use of organs, skin of animals, bones and highlight their procedures of making them safe and useable for mankind. This study will lead us to know that which divine religion is more applicable and provides cleanse food to their followers along with having the status of eternity strength among three.

Rna Interference Based Resistance Against Chilli Leaf Curl Disease Complex

Chilli (Capsicum annuum), a member of the family Solanaceae, is an important spice crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Chilli leaf curl disease (ChLCD) is a limiting factor for chilli yield across Pakistan and India. Symptoms of ChLCD include severe upward leaf curl with cup-shape, yellowing and stunted plant growth. This disease is caused by begomoviruses (single-stranded DNA viruses (family Geminiviridae) that are transmitted by whiteflies). All three different types of begomoviruses are already reported from chillies. In this study chilli samples showing typical disease symptoms were collected from Faisalabad in the Province of Punjab (Pakistan) during the year 2006. All samples were positive for begomoviruses and Pepper leaf curl Lahore virus (PepLCLV) along with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus DNA B and Chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) were identified. The DNA of Pepper leaf curl Lahore virus consisted of 2747 nucleotides and had the highest sequence identity (99%) with PepLCLV-[PK: Lah: 04] AM404179). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of the partial repeat construct of PepLCLV clone obtained in this study to Nicotiana benthamiana induced very mild symptoms and very low flow of viral DNA were detected in infected plant leaves. Co-inoculation of ChLCB with PepLCLV to N. benthamiana did not affect the symptoms severity or the virus titre. However neither the PepLCLV alone or with ChLCB was able to induce any symptoms on N. tabacum L. and C. annuum. Inoculation of PepLCLV with DNA B of ToLCNDV induced very severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, N. tabacum and symptoms typical of ChLCD in C. annuum. Southern hybridization analysis showed very high DNA accumulation for PepLCLV and DNA B of ToLCNDV in all three plant species. Sequence analysis showed that predicted rep-binding iterons in PepLCLV (GGGGAC) was different with two nucleotides from that of ToLCNDV DNA B (GGTGTC). This indicated tolerance of two nucleotide differences in iterated elements for replication. Based on this study, it is proposed that PepLCLV has been recently mobilized into chillies upon its interaction with DNA B of ToLCNDV. This is the first experimental demonstration of infectivity for a bipartite begomovirus causing ChLCD in chillies from Pakistan and suggests that component capture may contribute to the emerging complexity of begomovirus diseases in the region. NIBGE |School of Biotechnology NIBGE Faisalabad [QAU Islamabad] iv The purpose of this study was to develop a broad-spectrum resistance against ChLCD complex based on the concept of pathogen-derived resistance. A hairpin RNAi construct (peAC1-AC2dsRNA/pFGC) based on overlapping region of highly conserved region of Rep and TrAP of PepLCLV was produced in a binary vector pFGC5941. In order to study silencing efficiency of peAC1-AC2dsRNA/pFGC, the construct was transiently challenged with PepLCLV along with DNA B ToLCNDV. Results showed that the RNAi construct was successful in blocking the viral infection as all tested plants were symptomless. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing this construct challenged with PepLCLV and DNA B of ToLCNDV by agroinoculation and with viruliferous whiteflies showed variable resistance ranging from 6.6% to 93.3%. Lines showing resistance more than 75% were ranked resistant/tolerant while lines showing resistance less than 50% were ranked susceptible. One line TA14 showing 93.3% was ranked as highly resistant/tolerant while the line TA 3.2 showing 6.6 % resistance/tolerance was ranked as highly suscepteible. These lines also exhibited significant resistance against ToLCNDV. The relatively conserved nature of Rep and TrAP and their ability to help in development of resistance against heterologous virus suggested that the technology may be useful to develop broad-spectrum resistance. Plants need broad spectrum resistance because they were often infected with multiple begomoviruses in the field. Some viral proteins interfere with different cell signalling pathways and induce symptoms in plants. For example expression of P6 protein of CaMV in Arabidopsis induced dwarfness in transgenic plants. It is reported that Arabidopsis plants with TIR3 gene mutated (tir3) are also dwarf. P6 transgenic (A7, B6) and tir3 Arabidopsis plants which were resistant to auxin and ethylene also showed resitance to 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid (TIBA) treatment. It indicates that P6 interacts with a pathway overlapped with TIR pathway. Symptoms in Arabidopsis expressing the P6 protein of CaMV probably comes by disturbance of auxin response factor 10 (ARF10), ARF16, and ARF17 also. Also P6-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed reduced accumulation of miR160 which is known to regulate ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17. A protocol was also developed for chilli plant regeneration using hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. The study was conducted to observe the effect of genotypes, culture conditions and growth regulators on plant regeneration of chili pepper (C. NIBGE |School of Biotechnology NIBGE Faisalabad [QAU Islamabad] v annuum) genotypes grown in Pakistan including Seedex Pepper (SP), Loungi, Tatapuri and Sanam. Of the evaluated genotypes, SP was found to be the most responsive for both hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. Hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were tested for transformation by A. tumefactions LBA4404 having the 35S GFP/pFGC construct and A. tumefaciens EHA105 with peAC1-AC2dsRNA/pFGC construct. Co-cultivation at different temperatures (22 and 25ºC), photoperiods (16h light 8h dark, and complete darkness) as well as co-cultivation time periods, were evaluated. GFP assays showed that putative transgenic calli had not been transformed and calli died after 40-60 days. The experiment was repeated ten times. The data presented in this thesis should help in devising novel control strategies against Begomoviruses. A combination of novel sources of resistance with natural sources of resistance may help to exploit the technology in the field conditions. However, because most pepper varieties are recalcitrant to genetic transformation, control of diseases caused by the ChLCD complex using this strategy awaits future progress.