عہدِ صدیقی میں حدود و قصاص کا نفاذ
رسول اللہ ﷺ کی وفات کے بعد حضرت ابو بکر صدیق کو رسول اللہ ﷺ کا جانشین منتخب کیا گیا ۔آپ ؓ کا دور خلافت 12 ربیع الاول ، 11 ہجری سے 22 جمادی الاخرٰی، 13 ہجر ی تک کا ہے۔ آپ ؓکی جانشینی کے بعد عام بیعت ہوئی ۔اس موقع پر ابو بکر صدیق نے خلافت کے بارے میں اپنے خیالا ت کا اظہار فرمایا ۔ اس کے بعض اجزاء آپ کے احساس ذمہ داری اور تصور ِ عدل پر روشنی ڈالتے ہیں۔ آپ نے فرمایا!حکومت میرے لیے باعث راحت نہیں ہے بلکہ اس سے مجھے ایک ایسے عظیم معاملے کی تکلیف دی گئی ہےجو میری برداشت سے زیادہ ہے اور اللہ تعالیٰ عزوجل کی مدد و نصرت کے بغیر اس ذمہ داری سے عہدہ برآ ہونا مشکل ہے ، میں تمہار ا امیر بنایا گیا ہوں اور میں تم سے بہتر نہیں اگر میں راہِ راست پر چلوں تو میری مدد کرو اگر بے راہ چلوں تو سیدھا کردو ۔ تم میں جو کمزور ہے وہ میر ے نزدیک قوی ہے ۔ انشاء اللہ اس کا حق دلاؤں گا اور تم میں سے جو قوی ہے وہ میری نظر میں کمزور ہے۔ اس سے انشاء اللہ حق لے چھوڑوں گا ، جب تک میں اللہ اور اوراس کےرسول ﷺ کی اطاعت کروں ، تم میری اطاعت کرو اور جب میں اللہ اور اس کے رسول ﷺ کی نافرمانی کروں تو تمہیں میری اطاعت نہیں کرنی چاہیے۔284
اپنے دور ِ خلافت میں زیادہ ترمقدمات کے فیصلے ابو بکر صدیق خود کرتے تھے لیکن جب خلافت کی ذمہ داریاں بڑھ گئیں تو حضرت عمر کو قاضی بنا دیا ۔ ابو بکر صدیق کی زندگی میں حدود وقصاص کے چندقابل ذکر مقدمات ہی...
Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD's) have long been used by fishermen in South Buton Regency. This study aims to determine the utilization of FAD distribution as a fishing aid by purse sein vessels in the waters of Kadatua District, South Buton Regency. This study aims to determine the utilization of FAD distribution as a fishing tool by purse sein vessels in Kadatua District, South Buton Regency. Data collection methods include FAD point data taken from GPS (Global Position System) fishermen and dominant catch data from purse sein fishermen. The results of the study obtained data on the distribution of FADs in Kadatua District spread between a distance of 0-12 miles, during the study the coordinates of FADs were obtained as many as 79 coordinate points owned by fishermen in Kadatua District. FADs used by purse sein fishermen to carry out fishing operations have 24 FAD points, which are spread over a distance of 0 – 12 miles. In April the distribution of FADs used as fishing aids by purse sein vessels was at a distance of ± 0 – 12 miles, while in May and June FADs used as fishing aids were at a distance of ± 2 – 12 miles. The dominant fish catch data for purse sein fishermen is 690 kg in April, 525 kg in May and 735 kg in June. The dominant catch during the study was dominated by scad fish (Decapterus spp). The level of effectiveness of the dominant catch of purse sein fishermen is highest at a distance of 4-12 miles with a total catch of 1,070 kg of the total catch of 1,950 kg.
Telecommunication industry has grown rapidly during the last decade. The number of cellular subscribers is approaching about 96% of total population of the world. In such a fierce competition, telecom service providers are facing saturated markets with little room for penetration. Therefore, telecom companies are focusing more on customer retention, which is considered cost effective as compared to adding new customers. Moreover, customer retention is more economical as it does not involve any additional marketing expense. Long term customers are also considered as easier to serve, contribute more toward stable profitability, and introduce new referrals as well. On the other hand, new customers are hard to be attracted in competitive markets and take little longer for establishing loyalties with the new service providers. Therefore, telecom industry requires a reliable churn prediction system, which accurately identifies the customers who are about to switch over to another service provider. The role of customer churn prediction system has become pivotal in retaining customers expected to churn by luring them with the improved service packages. This preceding knowledge of customers‟ churning would enable service providers to avoid sizeable revenue losses. Consequently for churn prediction, researchers have investigated many interesting data mining techniques that can meet the specific demands of telecom industry. However, the telecom churn prediction is still a challenging tak because of the the big size, imbalanced class distribution, and high dimensionality of telecom datasets. The main focus of this thesis is to identify discriminative feature extraction techniques and effective sampling methods to cater for the enormous nature of telecom datasets. Additionally, investigations are made to develop a churn prediction system with better classification and interpreting capabilities. This thesis makes the following contributions in the area of telecom churn prediction: 1) Analysis of minimum redundancy and maximum relevance (mRMR) method for extracting relevant and meaningful features, 2) Exploiting Genetic Algorithm based wrapper method to remove any redundant features from selected features, 3) Analysis of PSO xvi based intelligent sampling technique and its comparison to conventional undersampling techniques, 4) Constructing efficient churn prediction systems using computational intelligence based ensemble classification approaches (CP-MRF, Chr-mRF FEW-ChrP), 5) Employing novel GP-AdaBoost based ensemble classifier to develop an efficient churn prediction system with the additional capability of identifying factors responsible for churning, 6) Attaining highest churn prediction performance of 0.862 AUC and 0.910 AUC on Orange and Cell2Cell telecom datasets, respectively. 7) Extracting 47 useful features from 260 original features of Orange dataset and 35 features from 76 original features of Cell2Cell dataset. In short, under this research work extensive simulations are performed to examine the prediction performance of the proposed churn prediction systems distinguishing churners from non-churners.