پاپائے رومہ ، بنڈکٹ پانز دہم
آغاز سال رواں میں پاپائے رومہ، بنڈکٹ پانز دہم نے انتقال فرمایا، ان سطروں کے شائع ہونے تک ان کے جانشین کا بھی انتخاب ہوچکا ہوگا، جس وقت سے پاپائیت کا باضابطہ عہدہ قائم ہوا ہے، صدہا افراد اس منصب پر مامور رہ چکے ہیں، بلکہ اگر ابتدائی عیسوی صدیوں کے بشپ صاحبوں کو بھی اس فہرست میں شامل سمجھا جائے تو شاید شمار سیکڑوں سے متجاور ہوجائے، سوال صرف اس قدر ہے کہ اس طویل و عظیم فہرست میں کسی غیر یورپی شخص کا بھی نام تلاش کرنے سے مل سکتا ہے؟ مسیحیت کے حدود تو ماشاء اﷲ ایشیاء، افریقہ کے گوشہ گوشہ تک وسیع ہوچکے ہیں اور ان ممالک میں کروڑوں باشندہ ’’ابن اﷲ‘‘ کے کلمہ گو موجود ہیں، پھر کیا اب تک ان بے شمار نفوس میں ایک شخص بھی یورپی مسیحیوں کی ہم سطح وہم پلہ نہیں پیدا ہوسکا ہے؟
(سید سليمان ندوی، فروری ۱۹۲۲ء)
The humanity witnesses a strange international phenomenon called
the Globalization which endeavors to make an intellectual
unification in the sphere of norms — education, social, economic
and politics. 77m carries a strong challenge for the Muslim societies
across the world. Through a focus on the educational, cultural,
economical and politiiclal spheres and to employ the devices of
communication
— media and the internet. The world has shrunk
into a small village which is diminishing the geographical,
historical, political and educational boundaries. The world is
undergoing the transition in materialistic and educational values
and principles which are not accorded as per the Islamic values.
Through media and interactive modes of communication. Hence, it
becomes necessary to examine all aspects of this subject to be on a
firm position of this transformation to preserve and safeguard our
Muslim identity. In this context, the concept of globalization by
Muslim and western scholars and its impact on globalization are
discussed along with some proposals in order to cope with the
negative effects of globalization in the Muslim societies.
The present study aimed at characterizing two Acyl Homoserine Lactone (AHLs) producing bacteria isolates nodulating (cultivated and wild) legumes. The isolate from cultivated Pisum sativum was named as Pcc1; while that isolated from the wild species Alysicarpus buleurifolius was called Pcc21. These isolates were selected from a set of twenty potential isolates obtained from the culture collection of Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University. The initial screening of isolates was done for AHLs production using Chromobacterium violaceum (CV026) as indicator strain. These AHLs were further characterized for their diversity through TLC and LC/MS analyses. The TLC assay was done to study the size and range of the AHLs, revealing diverse nature of AHLs produced by the Pcc1 and Pcc21. The small bacteriocin assay revealed that Pcc1 produced AHLs which are a characteristic of CinI system, however, the Pcc21 was found negative. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences depicted the isolate Pcc1 as Rhizobium leguminosarum while that of Pcc21 as Sinorhizobium meliloti. Pcc1 being Rhizobium was further studied for the RhiR system which controls nodulation in host plants. Thus the RhiR gene was amplified and sequenced and using bioinformatics tools its protein sequences was generated. The sequence data thus generated and its comparison with the RhiR protein sequences in silico revealed useful information for the isolate (Pcc1) under study such as various domains homolgous to the LuxR transcriptional protein. To characterize it further mutation of RhiR locus was done using Pk19 mob vector, the induced mutation reduced the AHLs production and nodulation efficiency. The Pcc21 presented an interesting case. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed its identity as Sinorhizobium meliloti and it was isolated from root nodules of a wild legume species Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, this has been the first report on the novel symbiotic association between S. meliloti and Alysicarpus bupleurifolius. The study further characterized the AHL diversity produced in symbiosis. The TLC and LC-MS profiles revealed production of a diverse array of AHLs that ranged from short chain C4-HSL to long chain C12- HSL. It was observed that isolates thriving in younger nodules produced AHL abundance and points to the possible presence of more than one synthase system, as previously described in Rm1021 and AK63. The isolation of a strain producing wide ranging AHL molecules provides an opportunity to investigate the complex genetics of AHL production in S. melitoti. It was further revealed that the AHLs produced by Pcc21 were rather diverse. In an analysis the introduction of WspR plasmid in Pcc21 decreased the amount of exopolisaccharides produced in the system, however it did not affect the overall amount of AHLs produced.