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This research is focused on press-government relationship on the issue of ‘War on Terrorism’ (WoT) during the dictatorial regime led by the then military ruler General Pervez Musharraf who remained in power till 2008 in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Global war against terrorism, generally known as ‘war on terror’ was actually started by the United States of America in the aftermath of 9/11 episode in 2001. Pakistan, on US demand, had not only become an important ally of the grand alliance formed under the umbrella of the United States but had also adopted the role of a frontline state just to fight the war against terrorism (WoT) alongside the war allies. Generally mass media have the potential to influence public opinion and help reshape the states’ policies on different issues. Likewise, mass media of Pakistan also took an active part in the war either by going alongside the then dictatorial government or against it. This research is based on examining the way the Urdu language elite press, the most popular mass media of Pakistan, covered the dictatorial regime of President General Pervez Musharraf with regard to its policy on the issue of ‘WoT’. Main purpose of this study is to know the nature of relationship between the Urdu-language elite press and the dictatorial government of Gen Musharraf in Pakistan with regard to their policy positions on ‘WoT’ from 2001 to 2008. Three newspapers including daily Jang, daily Nawa-I-Waqt, and daily Pakistan, considered to be representatives of the Urdu-language elite press of Pakistan, were selected for this study. The method used to measure the phenomenon is called framing where contents of the selected dailies were measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. Data were collected through systematic sampling method, while coding sheet was used as a tool for data collection. Unsigned main editorials of the selected newspapers were analyzed to examine the nature of relationship existed between the two entities i.e. The Urdu-language elite press, and the dictatorial government of Gen Pervez Musharraf, on the issue of ‘WoT’ in Pakistan. The results revealed that the selected elite newspapers, in general, remained critical to the dictatorial regime on the issue of ‘WoT’. The findings also revealed that daily Nawa-I-Waqt remained highly critical to the government as compared to its other contemporaries i.e. Daily Jang, and daily Pakistan. It was also revealed that the Urdu-language elite press while framing the ‘War on Terror’ remained somewhat supportive and rarely neutral to the dictatorial regime on it policy on ‘WoT’.
Salinity is one of the major soil problems that limits the crop growth and productivity to great extent. Increased amount of soluble salts cause osmotic stress and excessive sodium (Na+) leads to sodicity that deteriorate the soil structure and cause toxicity to plants. Potassium (K+) is an important macronutrient essential for enzyme activation, osmoregulation and charge balance in the plant cell. Higher concentration of Na+ in nutrient medium decreases K+ uptake and increases Na+ uptake by plants. Therefore under sodic or saline-sodic conditions K+/Na+ ratio in plant tissue is decreased affecting enzyme activities, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and other metabolic activities. Elevated K-fertilization under Na+ stress may improve the K+/Na+ ratio in plant tissue improving plant metabolism under saline-sodic condition. Na+-K+ interaction in saline-sodic soils was studied in light and heavy textured soils. Different levels of Na+ stress was applied to developed higher SAR of the soil using NaCl. Na+-K+ dynamics was compared with naturally salt affected soils at elevated K-fertilization. Effect of elevated K-fertilization on wheat crop growth, distribution of Na+ and K+ in different parts of the plants, subcellular Na+-K+ homeostasis of wheat under Na+ stress and proteome stability was determined in soil and hydroponic studies. Plant growth, physiological and chemical attributes, yield was significantly reduced under salt stress while application of elevated potassium fertilization improved growth and yield parameters. Application of elevated K fertilization mitigate osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress under saline condition improving subcellular K+/Na+ ratio. Elevated potassium fertilization improved proteome stability under salt stress decreasing the change in number of proteins changed by salt stress. This study suggest that K application could enhance wheat growth and yield by mitigating the deleterious effects of salt stress to a certain level at specific condition.