ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد بطور تذکرہ نگار
تذکرہ نگاری کا مفہوم
تذکرہ نگاری اُردو شاعری کی روایت کے فروغ کا ایک اہم سنگِ میل رہی ہے۔ اس صنف نے اُردو شاعری کے ساتھ نعتیہ ادب کو بھی احسن طریقے سے محفوظ کرنے کا بیڑا اُٹھایا ہے۔ نعتیہ تذکرہ نگاری میں ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کا نام درجۂ استناد رکھتا ہے۔ اس سے قبل ضروری ہے کہ تذکرہ نگاری کے لغوی واصطلاحی معانی مرتب کرلیے جائیں۔وارث سرہندی کے مطابق تذکرہ کے معنی ہیں:’’یاد کرنا ، ذکرکر نا، یادگار‘‘( ۱)
سید احمد دہلوی نے فرہنگِ آصفیہ میں تذکرے کے جو معنی بیان کیے ہیں ، وہ بھی ملاحظہ ہوں:
’’یاد داشت ،بیان، یادگار اور سرگزشت‘‘۔( ۲)
پروفیسر ڈاکٹر فرمان فتح پوری ’’تذکرے کو بیاض کی ترقی یافتہ شکل قرار دیتے ہیں۔انھوں نے اپنے مقالے ’’ اردو شعرا کے تذکرے اور تذکرہ نگاری‘‘ میں تذکرہ نگاری کے مفہوم کو واضح انداز میں پیش کیاہے۔ وہ لکھتے ہیں:
’’تذکرہ بیاض سے آگے بڑھ کر نیم تاریخی، نیم تنقیدی اور نیم سوانحی فضا میں داخل ہو گیا۔ وقت اور ماحول کے تقاضوں کے تحت تذکرہ پر ادبی تاریخ ، تنقید اور سوانح نگاری کا رنگ گہرا ہوتاگیا اور رفتہ رفتہ تینوں رنگوں کا یہی آمیزہ جسے حقیقی معنوں میں نہ ادبی تاریخ کا نام دے سکتے ہیں، نہ تنقید کہہ سکتے ہیں اور نہ سوانح نگاری سے تعبیر کر سکتے ہیں، فن قرار پایا اور شعرا کے مختصر حالات ، کلام پر سرسری تبصرہ اور انتخاب اشعار کو اس فن کے عناصر ترکیبی میں شمار کیا گیا۔‘‘(۳)
مذکورہ بالا اقتباس کی روشنی میں ہم کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تذکرہ ایک شاعر کے مختصر حالات و واقعات اُس کی زندگی کے نمایاں خدوخال اور نمائندہ کلام سے ترتیب پاتا ہے۔ چوں کہ اُردو کے ابتدائی دور میں تنقید نے زیادہ ترقی نہیں کی تھی اس...
Banks play a significant part in India's financial system and contribute to economic growth. The banking industry is the foundation of every contemporary economy. It is one of the most significant foundations of the financial industry and plays a crucial role in economic performance. It is crucial for the growth of the nation's economy that financial demands be met; industry and agriculture demonstrate the greatest degree of dedication and accountability. Therefore, the growth of the nation is intimately tied to the growth of banks. Banks should not be seen as money changers in the contemporary economy, but as development leaders. In several economic sectors, they serve a crucial role in aggregating deposits and debt payments. The financial system reflects the country's economic life. Economic vitality is contingent upon the stability and efficacy of the financial system, which in turn is contingent upon a solid and sustainable banking system. A solid banking system that integrates deposits into productive sectors and a melting bank system allow the bank to fulfill its duties to investors. After India's independence, banks play a significant part in the country's social and economic growth. India is dominated by the banking industry, which accounts for more than half of the financial sector's assets. The Indian banking sector has seen a remarkable transformation due to the reforms of the financial industry, which are implemented in phases. In this context, the researcher has conducted an overview analysis of the Indian Banking System, resulting in the current paper.
Social web or Web 2.0 has gain popularity since last decade due to its valuable services such as social networking, blogs, online forums, through which users can easily produce and consume information. Online discussion forums are an emerging service of social web, provide an excellent opportunity for knowledge exchange and sharing of ideas. In online forums, collaborations occur when questioning-answering take place among online forum members. Expert finding in online discussion forums, such as BBC, StackOverflow, is a specialized problem of information retrieval. Previously, the expert finding approaches in online forums were based on content and link based features. The link based expert ranking techniques are based on users’ social network authority and can be measured through link analysis techniques such as PageRank and HITS. Content based techniques utilize the answers content to measure user’s reputation or expertise. Posts contents quality can be measured through textual and non-textual features. Textual similarity is measured through standard similarity techniques such as cosine and semantic similarity. Non-textual features include post length, position, references and sentiments etc. Users expertise are measured through their self-reputation scores, however, users performance is not evaluated on the basis of their neighbors’ or co-existing participants’ reputation scores. Moreover, important features such as user’s activity, participation strength, discussion quality and consistent performance have not been utilized for expert finding problem. Thread ranking is another specialized problem of information retrieval in online discussion forums with the aim of finding relevant and quality threads for a given query. Thread ranking problem is addressed through structure and content-similarity features, however features such as semantic similarity, participants’ reputation and thread structure have not been utilized. In this research work, we propose improved expert finding techniques for both rated and non-rated discussion forums such as BBC and StackOverflow. In case of non-rated forums like BBC, we measure the users’ expertise through their co-existing users’ reputation. Users who answer together in multiple threads are termed as Co-existing users. For expert finding in rated-forums like StackOverflow, our techniques consider the element of consistent performance of a user. Reputation features are derived from StackOverflow dataset which are based on voter reputation, vote ratio and tags popularity. We have validated our both expert ranking techniques (for rated and non-rated forums) against a link based expert finding technique and achieved quality results. Lastly, we have addressed the thread ranking problem in BBC forums. Threads quality has been measured through structure, content quality and participant reputation. Experiments on BBC forum dataset show that our thread ranking technique outperforms the baseline technique.