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Brand management of local manufactured CNG kit in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Khan, Abdul Mateen

Department

Department of Technology Management

Program

BBA

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Technology Management

Language

English

Other

BS 658.8342 KHB

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722774571

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تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ ایک مطالعہ

          دریائے چناب جوچن اور آب کا مرکب ہے ۔نیز چندرا اور بھاگا دو دریاؤں کے ملنے سے وجود میں آیا ،ایک طرف تو (چن اور آب )حسن و خوب صورتی کا استعارا ہے تو دوسری طرف(چندرا بھاگا) معنوی لحاظ سے چاند کی قسمت لیے ہوئے ہے۔ اسی لئے اسے دریائے حسن و عشق کے نام سے بھی تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے اور سب جانتے ہیں کہ حسن اور عشق لازم و ملزوم ہیں ۔ یعنی جہاں حسن ہوتا ہے وہاں عشق ہوتا ہے ۔حسن میں جمالیات اور عشق میں جمالیاتی حظ اور ذوق ہوتا ہے ۔یہ حظ اور ذوق تخلیق کا باعث بنتے ہیں ۔شاعری اور ادب چوں کہ تخلیقی عمل ہے ،لہٰذا اس سارے سلسلے کو ایک دوسرے سے جدا نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ جہاں دریائے چناب کا تعلق ہے تو اسے دانشورانِ عصر نے بہت سوچ سمجھ کر دریائے حسن و عشق کا نام دیا ہے ۔کیوں کہ اس کے کناروں پر آباد بستیوں میں بسنے والوں کو خالقِ کائنات نے حسنِ وافر عنایت فرمایا ہے جس نے عشق کی بنیاد رکھی۔یہی حسنِ وافراور عشق ادب کی تخلیق کا باعث ٹھہرا ہے ۔ سیالکوٹ بھی دریائے چناب کے کنارے ایک ایسی ہی بستی ہے جہاں دیگر شعبہ ہائے زندگی کے ساتھ ساتھ عکسِ زندگی اور نقدِ زندگی کی بھی فراوانی ہے۔اس دھرتی پر زندگی کا عکس پیش کرنے اور زندگی کو اپنی تنقیدی صلاحیتوں سے نکھارنے والی ایسی ایسی شخصیات نے جنم لیا جو قومی اور بین الاقوامی سطح پر اس دھرتی کی پہچان بنیں ۔ان معتبر شخصیات میں سے بہت سا ذکر آپ کو ’’تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ‘‘ میں پڑھنے کو ملے گا لیکن تحقیق میں چوں کہ حرفِ آخر نہیں ہوتا اس لئے اس تحقیق میں بھی کئی نام ایسے رہ گئے ہیں جن کا ادبی مقام کسی سے ڈھکا چھپا نہیں۔اِس...

مظاهر الرحمة في شخصية الرسول

Those who abused the Prophet r, and accused him of violence, slander and falsely, had never listened to the call of the mind. They should never ignore the one of the most important verses of the holy book revealed from the Creator, Allah Almighty, that Prophet Muhammad r has been sent to the mankind purely for offering mercy. How can they neglect the fact that the Prophet r himself said if he was a leader without mercy, people around him did not accompany him. When we study the life of Prophet r, we observe that all factions of the society, whether they are slaves or independent, Muslims or non- Muslims, men or women, beloved friends or worst enemies; they were behaved not only with extreme justice, but with utmost mercy. So we find that it was a mercy in everything, in education, in advocacy and in legislation, in war and peace, in the family and society, and in all walks of life, etc. In this article, aspect of mercy in the personality of holy Prophet Muhammad r has been discussed in detail. Opinions of the Orientalists are also presented in the article. Aspect of mercy was not only an ingredient of the personality of Prophet r, but He r also made mercy a part of his followers’ personalities. So history witnesses that there was an elongated reign of peace in the world, whenever Muslim Rulers were in power.

Immunological Manifestations of Toxicants in Cyprinus Carpio Common Carp & Oncorhynchus Mykiss Rainbow Trout

Organisms have naturally build defense mechanisms against infections and diseases caused by pathogens. This system known as immune system comprises of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is non specific and produces a quick response to the invading pathogens. Macrophages play central role in innate immunity, also called natural immunity. The other part of immunity is rather specific and it takes some time to show its response, this type of immunity is called adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity can be either T cell mediated or B cell mediated in response to intra cellular or extra cellular pathogens respectively. When it is T cell mediated it will lead to the secretion of cytokines including interferon along with other substances, which help to fight intra cellular pathogens especially viruses by activating natural killer cells and macrophages. B cell mediated immune system leads to production of antibodies in response to extra cellular pathogens in blood or other body fluids. The whole immune system including innate immunity and adaptive immunity mediated by both T cell and B cell are not separate from each other but rather linked with each other and activating each other against foreign invaders. For example macrophages activate T cells, T cells activate macrophages, B cells and other T cells. Purpose of present study is to know about the adaptive immune system of two farm fishes, rainbow trout and common carp which are main source of protein in Pakistan. This study will provide a guide line to improve the immune system of farm fishes so that they can be resistant to diseases. This will ultimately benefit the human beings as they will get more Omega 3 rich protein, which is good for the over all health of human beings. In the present work both cellular and humoral aspects of adaptive immune system mediated by T and B lymphocytes were studied. Two teleost fishes rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Scottish farm fish) and common carp Cyprinus carpio (Pakistani farm fish) were taken as experimental animals. Immune genes which regulate interferon production as a cellular immune response to viruses or other intracellular pathogens, werestudied in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, B cell mediated immune system leading to production of antibodies was studied in common carp Cyprinus carpio. It was found that production of interferon is regulated by immune genes known as interferon regulatory factor (IRF) genes. These IRF genes are 10 in number and are named as IRF1, IRF2, IRF3, IRF4, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, IRF9& IRF10 and altogether form IRF family. IRF genes have been sequenced so far in many species including human beings. In rainbow trout IRF1, 2, 3&7 have been sequenced till to date. In present project work was done on remaining members of the IRF family. During the project two full length genes IRF 4& IRF8 were sequenced along with partial sequences of IRF 5& IRF10. It was found that certain toxicants like Poly I: C trigger IRF genes to produce positive immune response by secreting cytokines like interferon. Poly I: C (Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA that is used experimentally to model viral infections in vivo. IRF4 gene was expressed in rainbow trout spleen cells treated with Poly I: C for 4 hours. IRF 8 gene was expressed in spleen and head kidney cells. After multiple alignments of genes it was found that the gene structure of IRF4&8 genes found in rainbow trout had close structural resemblance with IRF4&8 genes found in other fish like zebra fish or even in mammals like human being and mouse. IRF4 &IRF8 play an important role in maturation of B and T lymphocytes. The other aspect of adaptive immune system, B cell mediated or humoral immunity was studied in common carp Cyprinus carpio. It was found that humoral antibodies are detected in serum of fish after secondary immunization with particulate antigen SRBC (sheep red blood cells). Proliferative response in lymphoid tissues especially in spleen and kidney was high while there was less response in liver. HGG localization in these tissues was studied by using fluorescent labeled antibodies against HGG. Farm fish in Pakistan are built in agricultural lands and so these fish are in contact with the pesticides used on crops through water run off to these fish farms. It was found during experimental work that toxicants like pesticides affect the immune system of common carp by suppressing the production of antibodies. Histological studies were also conducted which showed that besides affecting immune system of fish, these pesticides also have harmful affects on lymphoid tissues of fish and also on immune system of fish.