یہودی روحانیت کے ابتدائی مظاہر
باب ہشتم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی روحانیت کا تعارف۔
- حزقی ایل کے روحانی تجربات۔
- مرکبہ یہودیت کا فروغ۔
- حسیدی اشکناز کا تعارف۔
- تخلیق کائنات کا بیان۔
- صفر یتزیرا، بہیر اور زوہر کا بیان۔
- قبالہ، اس کی ذیلی تحریکیں اور حسیدیت کا تعارف۔
روحانیت، باطنیت، سریت یا تصوف کی اصطلاحیں عموماً ایک ایسے مخفی نظام کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں جو مادی دنیا سے مختلف ہوتے ہوئے بھی اپنا تعلق اس سے جوڑے رکھتا ہے۔ یہودیت کا روحانی نظام بھی کم و بیش انہیں صفات کا حامل ہے۔ خدا سے تعلق، تخلیقِ کائنات پر گفتگو اور مقدس کتب کے روحانی معانی کی تلاش ایک یہودی صوفی کا نصب العین ہے۔ یہودیت کے روحانی ادوار کو زمانی اعتبار سے چار حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکتا ہے:
- بائیبل کا دور جس میں روحانی نظریات اور تحریکیں تو دکھائی نہیں دیتیں لیکن اس دور کے مذہبی تجربات نے بعد میں آنے والے صوفیا کو روحانیت سے روشناس کروایا۔
- ہیکل کی دوسری تباہی کا دور جس میں ایسے روحانی نظریات وجود پانے لگے تھے جن کی بنیاد مذہب پر رکھنے کی کوشش کی جا رہی تھی۔
- قبالہ کا دور جس میں منظم انداز میں روحانی تعلیمات کو بحیثیتِ مجموعی بیان کیا جا رہا تھا۔
- حسیدی دور جس میں روحانیت سے نئے مذہبی محسوسات نے جنم لیا۔[1]
یہودی روحانیت میں زیادہ تر مذہبی تجربات کی کوئی عقلی توجیہ پیش کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں سمجھی جاتی کیونکہ یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان تجربات تک عقل کی رسائی ممکن نہیں ہے۔ اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں ہے کہ یہ تجربات...
Islamic religious militancy is a matter of great concern for the Muslim and the non-Muslim world today. The analysis of the ideology of the militants reveals that they find the legitimacy of their military activities in the ideal of the establishment of an Islamic state to establish the universal rule of Islām, and in the specific interpretations of some Qur’ānic verses, Aḥādīth of the Prophet (r), and also from the establishment of the Islamic state in Madīnah by the Prophet (r), his the military expeditions and those of his companions against their opponents and from the treatment of our historians of the individual military campaigns against the Muslim regimes of their times. The Muslim militants also fight against their Muslim governments on the grounds that they are not the true Islamic governments. The militants do not bother to kill the common Muslim masses, who vote and support such rulers. They take it as collateral damage. The world naturally reacts to this cult, especially the west, being at the helm of the world politics. Not only do the West tries to crush the Islamic militants, across the world, but also, topple the Muslim democratic governments having any ideal of an Islamic Khilāfah. This frustrates the peaceful political activists and strengthens the military activists, further. To end this ongoing and mounting cult of religious militancy, it is necessary to review the specific and traditional interpretations of the academic sources of Islām: Qur’ān, Ḥadīth and Fiqh, regarding the legitimacy of militancy in Islām. Secondly, to remove their misconceptions, it is necessary to engage the militants in dialogue through a counter narrative, which the author tried to present here.
The present study aimed at characterizing two Acyl Homoserine Lactone (AHLs) producing bacteria isolates nodulating (cultivated and wild) legumes. The isolate from cultivated Pisum sativum was named as Pcc1; while that isolated from the wild species Alysicarpus buleurifolius was called Pcc21. These isolates were selected from a set of twenty potential isolates obtained from the culture collection of Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University. The initial screening of isolates was done for AHLs production using Chromobacterium violaceum (CV026) as indicator strain. These AHLs were further characterized for their diversity through TLC and LC/MS analyses. The TLC assay was done to study the size and range of the AHLs, revealing diverse nature of AHLs produced by the Pcc1 and Pcc21. The small bacteriocin assay revealed that Pcc1 produced AHLs which are a characteristic of CinI system, however, the Pcc21 was found negative. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences depicted the isolate Pcc1 as Rhizobium leguminosarum while that of Pcc21 as Sinorhizobium meliloti. Pcc1 being Rhizobium was further studied for the RhiR system which controls nodulation in host plants. Thus the RhiR gene was amplified and sequenced and using bioinformatics tools its protein sequences was generated. The sequence data thus generated and its comparison with the RhiR protein sequences in silico revealed useful information for the isolate (Pcc1) under study such as various domains homolgous to the LuxR transcriptional protein. To characterize it further mutation of RhiR locus was done using Pk19 mob vector, the induced mutation reduced the AHLs production and nodulation efficiency. The Pcc21 presented an interesting case. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed its identity as Sinorhizobium meliloti and it was isolated from root nodules of a wild legume species Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, this has been the first report on the novel symbiotic association between S. meliloti and Alysicarpus bupleurifolius. The study further characterized the AHL diversity produced in symbiosis. The TLC and LC-MS profiles revealed production of a diverse array of AHLs that ranged from short chain C4-HSL to long chain C12- HSL. It was observed that isolates thriving in younger nodules produced AHL abundance and points to the possible presence of more than one synthase system, as previously described in Rm1021 and AK63. The isolation of a strain producing wide ranging AHL molecules provides an opportunity to investigate the complex genetics of AHL production in S. melitoti. It was further revealed that the AHLs produced by Pcc21 were rather diverse. In an analysis the introduction of WspR plasmid in Pcc21 decreased the amount of exopolisaccharides produced in the system, however it did not affect the overall amount of AHLs produced.