مولانا عین القضاۃ
(عبدالسلام ندوی)
موجودہ زمانہ میں جبکہ علمی اور عملی دونوں حیثیتوں سے تصوف کی صورت بالکل مسخ ہوچکی ہے، اس سلسلے کے مشہور بزرگ مولانا عین القضاۃ صاحب کی وفات مسلمانوں کے لیے ایک سخت قومی مصیبت ہے۔
مولانائے مرحوم، مولانا عبدالحئی صاحب کے فرنگی محلی کے ارشد تلامذہ میں تھے، وہ تحصیل علم سے فارغ ہونے کے بعد انھی کے زمانہ میں مصروف درس و تدریس ہوگئے تھے اس زمانہ میں انھوں نے درس نظامیہ کی مشہور و متداول کتاب یبذی پر ایک نہایت مبسوط حاشیہ بھی لکھا تھا، جس میں مولانا عبدالحئی صاحب کے طرز تحریر کی وضاحت اور جامعیت پائی جاتی ہے لیکن اس کے بعد حلقہ ارادت میں شامل ہوکر علم و عمل کا بہترین نمونہ بن گئے اور تمام عمر نہایت زہد و توکل کے ساتھ بسر کردی۔
ان کی زندگی ہمارے فقراء و صوفیہ کے لئے اس حیثیت سے نہایت سبق آموز ہے کہ انھوں نے یہ زاہدانہ طرز معاشرت فقروفاقہ سے مجبور ہوکر نہیں اختیار کیا تھا، بلکہ کئی ہزار روپیہ ماہوار کے صرف سے ایک عظیم لشان مدرسہ قرآنیہ جاری کررکھا تھا، اور اس کے مصارف وہ خود اپنی جیب خاص سے بالکل نامعلوم طریقہ پر ادا فرماتے تھے، اس کے علاوہ سال میں ایک بار تمام شہر کو عام دعوت دیتے تھے، جس کا سلسلہ صبح سے شام تک قائم رہتا تھا۔
اب بعض لوگوں نے ان کی سوانح عمری لکھنے کا ارادہ کیا ہے، اور ہمیں توقع ہے کہ یہ کتاب جلد سے جلد شائع ہوکر ہمارے فقراء اور صوفیہ کے لئے موجب بصیرت ہوگی۔ ( فروری ۱۹۲۵ء)
The proposal of interest-free banking is very old because Islam restricted the interest base transaction at very beginning after the revelation of prohibition of Interest, noble Quran called it as Riba. This prohibition is of sever nature relatively, Allah says; O you who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of interest, if you should be believers. And if you do not, then be informed of a war [against you] from Allah and His Messenger. The suggestion for the establishment of such financial institutions that run according to shariah has been put in queue for about centuries. To get rid from the dominancy of conventional banking system, forced the religious scholar to take initiative in this regard and started interest free banking. It was not easy to switch entirely from conventional banking system to Islamic one as for different technical issues, leads the existent banks to start dual banking system. Bank of Khyber is the first Bank of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa operating as dual banking, i.e. Conventional as well as Interest free banking. This study focuses on analysis of dual banking system of bank of KHYBER in order to know the extent of conformity with shariah standards along with highlighting the earlier efforts of it towards Islamization.
Single phase barium manganate nanorods, nanoparticles, nanofibers and microparticles were prepared using composite–hydroxide mediated (CHM) method, hydrothermal (HT) technique, electrospinning (ES) and solid state reaction (SSR) route respectively. Size and uniformity of BaMnO 3 nanorods were optimized against different reaction times and reaction temperatures. BaMnO 3 powders consisting of nanorods of an average diameter ~ 200 nm and length ~1 – 1.5 μm, prepared at reaction temperature 200 °C and reaction time 48 hours, were chosen for electrical characterization. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) from 300 – 400 K and 20 Hz – 2 MHz, revealed presence of non-ideal Debye type behaviour in BaMnO 3 samples and was attributed to the presence of heterogeneity in the sample. The heterogeneity was explained on the basis of “brick layer model”. In BaMnO 3 nanorods sample, on the basis of extracted capacitance values, two electro-active regions were investigated i.e., dominant grain boundaries and sample-electrode interfaces. No indication from the bulk effect was observed. Experimental results were fitted using equivalent circuit model (R gb Q gb )( R e Q e ). The ac and dc conduction mechanisms in BaMnO 3 pellets can be explained by correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model and Poole– Frenkel conduction mechanism respectively. While IS analysis of bulk BaMnO 3 sample revealed that different electro-active regions such as grain, grain boundary and sample- electrode interface exist that overlapped with each other in the applied frequency domain. These results were also modelled via a best fit equivalent circuit model (R g C g )(R gb Q gb )(R e Q e ) and the response from different overlapped electro-active regions were separated. The ac conductivity obeys CBH model for bulk BaMnO 3 sample. Uptake of PEGylated BaMnO 3 NPs alone and loaded with photosensitizer (5-ALA) were examined on Hep2c cell lines. It was observed that PEGylated BaMnO 3 NPs loaded with 5-ALA has higher uptake as compared to 5-ALA. The high uptake was attributed to large surface area of BaMnO 3 NPs. It was also observed that BaMnO 3 NPs are non-toxic when administrated to Hep2c cell lines. BaMnO 3 nanofibers were synthesized for the first time using ES technique. Effect of different polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) concentration on uniformity and homogeneity of nanofibers was investigated.