بھولتا ہی نہیں وہ خواب مجھے
وہ ملا جس میں بے نقاب مجھے
کرچیاں اتنی ہو گئیں دل کی
رکھنا مشکل ہے یہ حساب مجھے
میرا دشمن نصیب ہے میرا
ہونے دے گا نہ کامیاب مجھے
اشک بہتے ہیں، تارے گنتا ہوں
دے گیا ہجر کا نصاب مجھے
جو گزرتے ہیں تیرے بن تائب
لمحے لگتے ہیں وہ عذاب مجھے
The Islamic state has certain rules for taxes to generate income, which need to be followed within Islamic premises. In Islam, Kharāj is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its product. At that time, kharaj was synonymous with jizyah, which later emerged as a per head tax paid by the dhimmis with complete ownership of all resources. Khums means " onefifth or 20%". In Islamic legal terminology, it means one-fifth of certain items that a person acquires as wealth must be paid to the Islamic State. This study is focused on the financial system of an Islamic state, its taxation and revenues.
Maslov’s method has been used to derive high frequency field expression for differ- ent focusing systems. Derived high frequency field expression is valid around the focal region of focusing systems. Both reflection and transmission based focusing geometries are considered for discussion. Three dimensional Cassegrain and Gregorian systems are considered reflection problems. Hyperbolic lens, hyperboliodal lens, plano-convex lens, inhomogeneous slab and its three dimensional version, that is Wood lens are con- sidered as transmission problems. It is assumed that each focusing system is placed in isotropic, homogeneous medium and observed their focused field around the focal region. Next it is consider that transmitted fields from inhomogeneous slab, Wood lens and plano-convex lens are focused into negative uniaxial crystal. The numerical results for focused fields inside negative uniaxial crystal with several different orientations of the optical axis in the plane of incidence are obtained. Maslov’s method is a systematic procedure for predicting the field in the caus- tic region. It combines the simplicity of ray theory and generality of the transform method and provides remedy of geometrical optics which fails at caustic. Geomet- rical optics field may be recovered from the high frequency field expression, derived using Maslov’s method, for observation points away from the caustic. Field patterns obtained using Malov’s method are compared with those obtained using equivalent current distribution method, Huygens Krichhoff’s integral, and Debye Wolf focusing integral and comparisons are found to be in good agreement.