1۔ عدل و انصاف کا قیام
شبیر احمد عثمانی ؒ کے مطابق عدل سے مراد" کسی شخص کے ساتھ بدون افراط و تفریط کے وہ معاملہ کرنا ،جس کا وہ واقعی مستحق ہے۔ عدل و انصاف کا ترازو ایسا صحیح اور برابر ہونا چاہیے کہ عمیق سے عمیق محبت اور شدید سے شدید عداوت بھی اس کے دونوں پلڑوں میں سے کسی پلڑے کو جھکا نہ سکے ۔"316کسی بھی معاشر ے کی بقاءکا ا نحصار ا س با ت پرہوتا ہے کہ ا س کے تمام عناصر کےر بط و ضبط میں توا ر ن و ا عتدا ل پایا جا ئے ۔یہ ا صول ہر معاشر ے ا و ر ہر ملک و قو م کے لیے ہے۔ا سلامی و فلاحی ر یا ست کی تشکیل میں اسی ا صول کی ہر قدم پر ضرورت پڑتی ہے،ا سی ا صول پر عمل پیرا ہو کر د ینوی و دنیاوی تر قی ممکن ہے ا و ر اسی کے ذ ر یعے اخرو ی فلاح کا حصول ممکن ہو سکتا ہے۔ فطرت کے ا س ا صول توا زن کے تحت کا ر و با ر حیات چلا نے کے لیے ا سلامی ر یا ست میں حکو متی سطح پر بعض ا د ا ر و ں کا قیام عمل میں لایا جاتا ہے۔ نظام عدل و قضا بھی ا نہی میں سے ایک ہے۔ اسلامی تعلیمات کے تناظر میں عدل وانصاف کا قیام ا سلامی و فلاحی ریا ست کی ا و لین ذ مہ د ا ر ی ہے اور ا سی ذ مہ د ا ر ی کو پور ا کر نے کے لیے عدلیہ کا ادارہ قائم کیا جاتا ہے۔
قوانین حدود وقصاص کی تنفیذ کے لیےریاست میں عدل و انصاف کاقیام ضروری ہے اور یہ حکو مت ، حکومتی اداروں اور...
The Muslims ruled over Spain and India for many years. They left over behind themselves many signs of art, architecture, culture and the customs of life. The Muslims both in regions set a remarkable art of living which can still be visualized. It reflects a picture of their high potential and advancement but due to some reasonable causes their journey upwards stopped and the other powers dominated them. In this article the various causes of political decline have been analyzed in Islamic perspective.
The present investigation was carried out to explore the ethnopharmacological potential of ethnobotanically important three plants, Olea europaea L., O. ferruginea Royle and J. sambac (L.) Aiton belonging to family Oleaceae. The stem and leaf powder of all these plants were macerated in polar and non-polar solvents, i.e. distilled water, ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane, respectively. Maximum percentage yield was obtained in the stem aqueous extract of Olea ferruginea (13.11%) while least in stem chloroform extracts of Jasminum sambac (2.1%). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinines, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and terpenoids in moderate quantity in Olea europaea and O. ferruginea while least amount in Jasminum sambac which was further confirmed by FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was checked against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and found maximum with stem ethanol extract of Olea europaea, i.e. 38.07±2.76 mm against P. aeruginosa while minimum by stem chloroform extract of Olea ferruginea, i.e. 5.23±1.08 mm against E. coli. The stem aqueous extract of Olea europaea, stem n- hexane extract of Olea ferruginea and stem ethanol extract of Jasminum sambac showed MIC at 1.25mg/mL. The antioxidant analysis concluded that ethanol leaf extract of Olea ferruginea demonstrated IC50 value 12 μg/mL (DPPH scavenging activity). Significant metal chelating activity was observed by stem chloroform extract of Olea europaea 98.06±1.61%. Ethanol stem extract of Olea europaea presented maximum % inhibition of peroxidation (91.72±1.60 %) as compared to other extracts of Olea ferruginea and Jasminum sambac. Maximum amount of total phenolic contents were found in the leaf ethanol extracts of (142.97±1.67 GAE μg/mL). Leaf ethanol extract of Olea ferruginea and Olea europaea presented maximum total antioxidant activity (1.551±0.657 AE μg/mL) and (1.493±0.762) respectively. Molecular identification of universal FMDV was accomplished using Reverse Transcriptase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). BHK-21 cells were used to check toxicity of different extracts of tested plants while their antiviral potency was also examined against FMDV. It was observed that alcohol leaf extracts of Olea europaea had potent antiviral activity at concentration range of 31.25μg/mL to 250μg/mL with CSP ranging from 51% to 63% followed by activity of chloroform extracts where cell survival percentage was observed 54% and xiii 57% at concentration 31.25μg/mL and 62.5μg/mL respectively. The n-hexane leaf extract of O. europaea exhibited antiviral activity at concentration of 15.62μg/mL to 125μg/mL. CSP in aqueous extracts was 50% at concentration range of 31.25μg/mL and 62.5μg/mL, respectively. All stem extracts of Jasminum sambac were found non-toxic to BHK-21 cells at different concentrations but had no antiviral potential against FMDV at the same concentration range. On the basis of the results obtained in the present studies, the traditional use of the three targeted plants of family Oleaceae as food, fodder, feed and medicine seems appropriate and thus is justified.