Introduction
The Divine Promise to the human species at the time of its exit from the heavens – Q.02:38- 39 – was held through ages of human history. It started with Adam, continued through Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Moses, Jesus and culminated with Muhammad. May Allah’s peace and blessings be upon them.
The foundations of Faith are, prima facie, based on the Absolute Supremacy of One Divine Being. The teachings of all Scriptures came from the same Divine Source with the purpose of providing guidance for a life of righteousness within societies along a Straight and Optimal Path
– Qur’an 06:126, 07:16; and The Torah/Proverbs 4:23-27.
The Qur’an is the grand finale of all Divine Revelations and the Ultimate Truth. Allah, The Exalted and The Almighty, guaranteed to preserve its Sacred Arabic Text in its entirety and original form safe from any satanic change – Q.15:09.
Enriched with themes, history, law, images, symbols, language, recitation and a unique literary style – it is a master piece of a revelation that has been bestowed on humanity as a matchless text signifying the very name it carries – Al Kitab – The Book.
As The Qur’an was being revealed on to the last of the Prophets - Prophet Muhammad, in the Arabic language, he would dictate it to his appointed companions to serve as scribes over the 23- year period of its phased-revelation.
The Qur’an contains the narratives of past nations and the events of future generations to facilitate comprehension of the meaning and value of the Qur’anic Message. It also sets out examples and analogies for people so that they may reflect and take heed - Q.39:27. Its message transcends...
The Paper attempts to highlight the most significant Muslim personalities of British India who rendered services and sacrifices for the cause of pan-Islamism. They travelled to the neighbouring Muslim states of Afghanistan and Turkey for the larger cause of the Muslim brotherhood, and their freedom from the colonial powers. Their visits were either in official or unofficial capacity. The personalities include; Abdur Rahman Peshawari, Zafar Hasan Aibak, Mualana Ubaidullah Sindhi. The paper argues that these personalities have visited the Muslim countries of Afghanistan and Turkey in order to support the cause of Muslim brotherhood and their peace, development, and freedom. Their way of support was in the form of diplomatic negotiation. Descriptive and analytical methods were followed for analyzation/interpretation of data collected.
Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disease typically characterized by the accumulation of immature abnormal lymphoid progenitor cells (lymphoblasts) in the bone marrow, which have abnormal proliferation and differentiation. A number of acquired chromosomal abnormalities arising from translocations, deletions, duplications and inversions have been identified in 80% of childhood and 79% of adulthood ALL. 1. Objectives of Study: To determine the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in children suffering from ALL, To evaluate structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities in patients with ALL, To find out the frequency of Epstein Barr Virus in ALL cases. Subjects and Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro and Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad. 100 diagnosed childhood ALL cases were selected through non-probability purposive sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Blood samples were collected in bottles containing Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant and were processed on automatic hematoanalyzer, Sysmex KX 21. Fixed cell suspensions prepared from diagnostic bone marrow. For routine cytogenetic analysis and FISH, samples were obtained from the diagnosed cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methods for detecting EBV infection were based on RT-PCR. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21.0 (IBM, Corporation, USA) and Microsoft excel. The continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using student’s t-test. Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and results were presented as frequencies and percentages. Data was presented in tables, graphs and charts. P-value of significance was taken at ≤0.05. Results: Numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities were noted in 69% and 60% of cases respectively (p=0.001). Chromosomal ploidy showed Diploidy and Aneuploidy in 29% and 69% of cases respectively (p=0.0001). Hyperploidy, hypoploidy and pseudoploidy were noted in 51%, 6% and 12% of cases respectively (0.001). Chromosomal structural abnormalities noted were; t (12; 21)(p13; q22) t(9;22)(q34;q11), t(8;14)(q24;q32), t(5;14)(q31;q32), t(17;19)(q22;q13), t (7;11) (q35; q13), t (1;7) (p32; q35), t (7;19) (q35; p13), t(1;19)(p13;q23), t(8;22)(q24;q11) and unknown 13%. Ph + chromosome (t (9; 22) (q34; q11) was noted in 6% of cases and EBV in 19% of total study population Conclusion: ALL cases are characterized by leukocytosis and anemia. Epstein Barr Virus was found in 19% childhood ALL in present study. Present study shows good prognostic cytogenetic abnormalities like hyperdiploidy and t (12; 21)(p13; q22) in Pakistani children with ALL and frequency of poor prognostic cytogenetic aberrations like hypoploidy and t (9; 22) (q34; q11.2) is comparable to previous studies.