میرا ملک پاکستان
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’میرا ملک پاکستان‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
جہاں تک میرے ملک کا تعلق ہے تو یہ مجھے جان سے بھی زیادہ عزیز ہے، اس کے کھیت وکھلیان عزیز ہیں، اس کے کوہ ودمن عزیز ہیں، اس کے گلستان و چمن عزیز ہیں ، میرا ملک پاکستان ایک ایسی سرزمین ہے کہ جس پر جملہ عالم اسلام ناز کرتا ہے۔ جس کا وجود ہرمسلم کے لیے ناگزیر ہے۔ جس کی بقاء وسا لمیت پرکلمہ گو کا مقصد حیات ہے۔
محترم سامعین !
پاکستان کا قیام ایک نعمت غیر مترقبہ ہے، ہم نے یہ آسانی سے حاصل نہیں کیا، اس میں لاکھوں شہیدوں کا لہو شامل ہے، اس شجر ثمر دار کی بنیادوں میں کئی یتیموں کی یتیمی بھی شامل ہے۔ کئی بیواؤں کے اشکبار آنسوشامل ہیں ، کئی نئی نویلی دلہنوں کی شبہائے عروس شامل ہیں۔ کئی نوجوانوں کی اُٹھتی ہوئی جوانیاں شامل ہیں۔
محترم صدر!
پاکستان ہم نے اس لیے حاصل کیا تھا کہ ہم اپنی عبادت آزادانہ کریں گے، ہم آزادی کی نعمت سے مالا مال ہوں گے۔ ہمیں رکوع وسجود میں آزادی ہوگی ، ہمیںصدقہ و خیرات کرنے میں آزادی ہوگی ہمیں تعلیم کے حصول میں آزادی ہوگی، ہمیں خدمت خلق میں آزادی ہوگی ،ہمیں تبلیغ دین میں آزادی ہوگی، ہمیں تفہیم قرآن میں آزادی ہوگی، ہم جملہ امورِ حیات سرانجام دینے میں آزاد ہوں گے۔
صدرِ ذی وقار!
ہم قائد اعظم محمدعلی جناح اور سلف صالحین کی کوششوں سے آزاد تو ہو گئے لیکن ہم نے آزادی کا مطلب غلط سمجھ لیا، ہم مادر پدر آزاد ہو گئے ، ہم اقرباء پروری...
Travelogue is a firm of literature which describes nation and people according to their history, civilization, politics, economics, and culture and presents cities and culture by showing the ideologies and manners/moralities, economics and society in the time when there were no transportation and the travelogues were the only source to get information. Because travelogue consists of the details about history and society, thus it has a tremendous amount of information and by offering characteristics of places and personalities. Moreover, travelogue describe personalities and events in the context of society and culture which provides a rich material to geologists, historicists as well as to the scholars of society ( sociologists) and students of literature and others.
Influence of Nano-Additives on the Long Term Performance of Silicone Rubber Composites for High Voltage Insulation Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV-SiR) has been widely used for high voltage (HV) electrical and non-electrical applications for the last three decades. Neat (pure: un-aged) silicone rubber exhibits poor mechanical, thermal, electrical, tracking/erosion, and water immersion properties which restrain its insulation applications for long-term performance. Environmental, electrical and chemical stresses significantly influence the electrical and non-electrical properties of polymer insulators. The variation in physical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties over aging are major dilemmas of HV polymer insulators which are yet to be thoroughly investigated. During the past few decades, much effort has been made to enhance its insulation properties. To overcome these deficiencies, various types of micro and nano-sized inorganic particles (like alumina trihydrate (ATH), silica (SiO2), ZnO, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, barium-titanate etc.), fiber, whisker and platelets are incorporated into polymer matrix. To enhance mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the base material, filler optimized concentration, type and shape is necessary for any particular property enhancement. Moreover, to increase the long term performance of polymer composites under diverse environmental, mechanical and electrical stresses; detailed characterization and aging analysis is required. This thesis mainly focuses on the preparation, characterization and long term (9000 h) multi stress accelerated lab weathering evaluations of micro-ATH and SiO2 filled SiR composites. In addition, the reinforcement of SiR matrix is successfully accomplished with the combination of micro-ATH and micro/nano-SiO2 particles. All SiR-blends with different composition by weight percent (wt. %) of ATH and SiO2 are prepared by simple blending in a two roll mixing mill as per ASTM standard procedure. Moreover, for comparative analysis composites of micro/nano-SiO2 filled ethylenepropylene-dyne-monomer (EPDM) and epoxy resin are also formulated. In this thesis first, SiR composites with ATH/SiO2 particles are investigated to comprehend the effect of micro-ATH and micro/nano-SiO2 particles on theechanical, thermal and electrical properties. In addition, for comparative analysis the influence of hybrid-SiO2 (micro + nano) on mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of SiR and EPDM composites are also investigated. Experimental results shows that compared to neat and other silica filled composites, the micro-ATH filled SiR composites exhibit higher mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Secondly, the impact of micro-SiO2, micro-ATH and mixture of micro and nano-sized particles (ATH+SiO2) on tracking/erosion and water absorption resistance of SiR novel composites are investigated using the Inclined Plane Test (IPT) and water immersion tests as per ASTM standards. Additionally, to validate and compare the amalgamation and dispersion effects of micro/nano-SiO2 on tracking/erosion and water immersion resistance of polymer composites, some blends of SiR and epoxyresin are also evaluated. Results shows that the erosion/tracking and water immersion resistance of prepared insulants were significantly modified by addition of ATH and SiO2 particles. In addition, compared to SiO2 filled SiR and epoxy composites, the ATH filled SiR composites shows higher mass loss. Moreover, IR-thermographs reveals that maximum and minimum tracking temperature is exhibited by micro-ATH blend (SMC2) and neat SiR, respectively. Despite many advantages of SiR composites, their long-term performances when exposed to environmental and electrical stresses, are not investigated in detail. This work also includes the 9000 h multi-stress accelerated lab aging of micro-ATH and micro/nano-silica filled SiR composites with the aim to quantify the weathering effects (simulating actual field environment of Islamabad (Pakistan)) on surface morphology, hydrophobicity, leakage current (LC), and structural variations. At the end of aging period, progressive discoloration, roughness, and chalking is viewed on HV side of all blends. Hydrophicity analysis indicates that compared to ATH filled composites (SMC1, SMC2 and SMNC), the silica filled blends (SR, SMC3) exhibit higher surface resistivity (hydrophobicity) over 9000 h weathering. Furthermore, variation in LC peaks are found in safe limit (˂ 1mA) over aging period. In addition, FTIR spectra of all SiR composites exhibit decrease in the concentration of their functional groups over weathering. However, compared to neat blends, the composites filled with ATH/SiO2 particles exhibit little variation in absorbance peaks %) over aging period. Generally, all samples successfully endured 9000 h lab weathering. This thesis also presents the influence of multiple stresses on mechanical, thermal electrical, and water immersion properties over 9000 h lab aging. Moreover, at the end of aging period these properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical and water immersion) of SiR composites are first time re-evaluated and compared with the characterization results of neat composites.