Macroeconomic Determinants of Banks’ performance in Pakistan

Almost all business operations that are now taking place in the economy may be impacted by recent changes in the macroeconomic indicators of the nation. Thus, the study' s objective was to assess the effect of particular macroeconomic factors on Pakistan' s banking performance. For a period of 13 years, the study tracked data from all active commercial banks in Pakistan (2006-2018). Results were obtained using multiple linear regression and correlation analyses on EViews. According to correlation findings, there was no connection between the exchange rate and NIM or ROE. All other factors.

Effects of Organizational Culture on Employees? Job Satisfaction With Interactional Justice As Mediator: A Comparison Between Multinational and Domestic Pharmaceutical Companies of Pakistan

This research offers an insight into the effects of the organizational culture of domestic and multinational pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan, on the job satisfaction levels of employees working in them, through the mediating effects of perceived levels of interactional justice. By explaining the interactions between organizational culture, interactional justice and job satisfaction, the managers and owners of those organizations shall be able to modify and inculcate the requisite changes in their organizational cultures to enhance the output levels of their employees through increasing the job satisfaction levels. Through this research, it is empirically established that organizational culture is positively and significantly related to job satisfaction. Furthermore, it is also established that interactional justice also has a significant and positive mediation effect on the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction levels of the employees. Through analysis of data collected from a total of 396 employees working in 11 domestic and multinational companies operating in Pakistan, using convenience sampling technique, it is established that organizational culture, interactional justice and job satisfaction levels of multinational pharma companies are relatively better than domestic pharma companies. This difference is empirically attributed to better organizational cultures of multinational pharma companies in the research. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that organizational culture of a pharmaceutical company can be improved by adhering to written rules and procedures instead of relying on verbal instructions. Moreover, a culture which supports and encourages innovation and initiative shown by employees improves the organizational culture prevailing in the organization. Equitable pay scales and fair chances of upward mobility within the organizational hierarchy through timely promotions also result in better score of organizational culture, thus increasing the overall job satisfaction levels.