Authoritative Position of Investor and Scope of Liability in Modarabah Contract: Classical and Contemporary Jurists Perspective

The position of investor is always questioned once capital is handed over to a working partner (Mudarib). The concerns of investor along with series of liabilities cannot be ignored because Modarabah losses are always transferred or born by him/her. The study highlights the authoritative position of Investor and suggests that investor has full access to impose conditions on Mudarib to safeguard his interest as per shariah rulings. The study debates investor’s position to impose geographical restrictions to restrict the scope of trade, trade policy of working partner (Mudarib) and fixation of time.  Besides, the study discourses the concept of limited liability in context of Islamic law where creditors hold right to personal wealth of the debtors.

Developing Reading Skills of Primary Children in Government School

When the children go to school it is very important to them to learn reading and writing. Their classroom activities come under these two skills. The children working on some projects have to accomplish their work by reading books. Though reading is emphasized more but unfortunately a large number of the students in schools generally and in Government schools particularly, find the reading task challenging and as result most of the students face many reading difficulties. To investigate how I as a teacher could help the primary children to develop their reading skills, I conducted a study in one of the Government schools in Karachi where the medium of instruction was Urdu. What strategies could help the children to enhance their reading skills and what challenges hinder the process of reading? The study showed that reading skills could be enhanced if the tasks were according to the needs, interests and the abilities of the students. They are motivated to learn if they find something is relevant to them. Different strategies were found useful to promote students' reading skills. Their involvement and active participation in different reading activities encouraged the learners to enhance their reading skills. They could learn better if opportunities and a conducive learning environment is provided to them. The study also indicates that children are reluctant to read because they are afraid of making mistakes. They should be encouraged to take chances and correct themselves because they learn by making mistakes. In case they make mistakes they need support to correct themselves rather than be corrected by the teacher. The study showed that the teacher needs professional support to work with children to develop their reading skills. A teacher who is not professionally developed cannot help them to enhance their reading skills as they also need to learn many skills to achieve the goal successfully.