مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی
(پروفیسر مسعود حسن)
یہ خبر انتہائی افسوس کے ساتھی سنی جائے گی کہ مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی سابق ریڈر شعبہ عربی و فارسی کلکتہ یونیورسٹی ۱۵؍ رمضان المبارک ۱۴۰۰ھ کو صبح کے وقت ۳۰:۹ بجے اس دار فانی سے عالم جاودانی کو سدھارے۔ اناﷲ وَانا اِلیہ رَاجعُون۔ ان کی وفات سے مغربی بنگال میں عربی زبان کے ایک ممتاز ادیب ایک مستند عالم دین اور استادوں کے استاد کی جگہ خالی ہوگئی۔ راقم الحروف کے لیے ذاتی طور پر یہ حادثہ ایک بہت بڑا سانحہ ہے کیونکہ ان کی موت کے بعد اس کے اساتذہ میں اب کوئی زندہ نہیں رہا۔ اس کے مدرسہ، اسکول کالج اور یونیورسٹی کے استاد سب کے سب اﷲ کو پیارے ہوگئے۔ اس کی علمی رہنمائی کے لئے ایک آخری شمع رہ گئی تھی، موت نے اسے بھی چھین لیا۔
مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی کا وطن مالوف ناگپور تھا۔ مگر عرصہ سے ترک وطن کرکے کلکتے میں مقیم تھے۔ ان کی اعلیٰ تعلیم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں ہوئی تھی، وہ مولانا مسعود عالم ندوی مرحوم کے ہم جماعت تھے، طالب علمی کے زمانے میں ان کی عربی خطابت اور عربی انشاء ندوہ میں مشہور تھی۔ فرماتے تھے کہ طلبہ کے ایک جلسے میں ان کی ایک عربی تقریر علامہ سید سلیمان ندویؒ کو اس قدر پسند آئی کہ انھوں نے جیب خاص سے انعام مرحمت فرمایا۔ عربی انشاء پردازی میں مسعود عالم صاحب سے ٹکر ہوتی تھی، ندوہ سے فراغت پاکر کلکتہ آگئے، اور اسلامیہ کالج سے بی۔ اے کیا۔ پھر کلکتہ یونیورسٹی سے عربی اور فارسی دونوں میں ایم اے کی ڈگری لی، اور ڈاکٹر محمد زبیر صدیقی مرحوم کے ارشد تلامذہ میں شمار ہونے لگے۔
مشرقی بنگال کے ایک بڑے کالج میں ایک بڑی اونچی جگہ ملی اور بڑی خوشامدیں ہوئیں، مگر اپنے استاد...
Background: Medical Ethics (ME) is considered an integral component of medical education around the world. However, limited training is being offered to medical students in Pakistan. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate medical students' perspectives regarding medical ethics and to explore their experiences about medical ethics as a subject at a private medical college in Lahore, where Medical Ethics was formally introduced as part of the undergraduate curriculum in 2017. Methods: This mixed-method study included medical students from all five years of medical college. Quantitative component included a survey questionnaire, and the sample size was 410. Convenient sampling technique was used. Qualitative component included focus group discussions. The students who have attended medical ethics lectures were included in the study. Results: The response rate was 82.72%. There were more females in gender distribution; 76.1% were female and 23.9% were male. Most respondents (74.9%) found medical ethics classes interesting and 72% thought that lecture sessions were important in medical ethics. Conclusions: Medical students find medical ethics as an important component of medical education. Although it is hard to correlate ethics education with their clinical experience as medical students, they believe that medical ethics education can be useful. Social and cultural issues inform clinical decision-making in Pakistan and hence these discussions should be incorporated into medical education. Further studies must be conducted on the actions that need to be taken to help students internalize the ethical issues.
Field studies were carried out to investigate various parameters of bridges found in northern part of Pakistan. After the large Kashmir earthquake of M w7.6 in 2005, detailed field investigations to study the seismic performance of bridges was also undertaken. A mathematical function to define the functionality of bridges was developed which is helpful for quantifying the seismic resilience of bridges. Criterion for minimum required functionality for different bridges and limit states were defined for extremely large rare earthquake and for moderate occasional earthquakes. From the field data, typical parameters of reinforced concrete bridges were established. A series of experimental studies were undertaken in the laboratory on four scaled models of a typical bridge that consists of pier having single column. The pier column was of low strength concrete with solid circular cross section. The objective of the study was to experimentally determine the energy dissipation capacity of low strength concrete piers. Two types of tests were done on the four bridge piers: quasi-static cyclic tests and free vibration tests before, during and after the quasi-static tests. From the experimental results on four scaled low strength bridge piers damping was seen to decrease with increase in damage, natural period of piers doubled near failure, energy degradation was seen to be more in low strength piers. Energy based strength degradation and pinching is predominant in low strength concrete piers along with large permanent deformations. Response modification (R) factors based on natural period of bridge are found to better represent the energy dissipation and are accordingly proposed. The values of R-factor calculated for low strength concrete piers are lower than AASHTO LRFD 2007 thus more conservative. The fragility curves plotted for the bridge columns indicate that for peak ground accelerations (PGA) of seismic Zone 3 and above of the seismic hazard map of Pakistan (for 475-years return period) pushes the bridge in to damage state that is allowed for large earthquakes only (with return period of 2,500 years). Mathematical function for the quantification of seismic resilience of bridges is proposed for the first time. It is demonstrated that using the general guidelines of AASHTO LRFD 2007 quantification of seismic resilience is possible.