Effectiveness of Digital Health Services: Challenges and Constraints for Society

This article discusses the effectiveness of digital health services by looking at the challenges and obstacles for society. One form of public services implemented by the government for the community is meeting the need for quality public services and having an orientation to the effectiveness of services to the community that are needed. In the health sector itself, advances in information technology have greatly supported health services. This online system is of high quality to be implemented because the public and members of the medical system can receive and provide detailed and fast information with the help of computerized technology. Information technology has reached various fields of life including the health sector to help the efficiency and effectiveness of health services. Information technology that is properly implemented can support the management process to be effective and efficient. The corona pandemic is changing people's habits in visiting and consulting doctors at hospitals. However, digital-based health services have not been effectively accepted by the public from various service units. They still need improvements in terms of connectivity, content and clarity of regulations.

Determinants of Overseas Workers Remittances: Co-Integration Approach A Case-Study of Pakistan

The inflows of overseas workers remittances to Pakistan have been experiencing a rising trend over time. In early 70s remittances sent home by overseas workers were in the range of $130 million---$140 million per annum. By the year 2010 the remittance figure was in proximity of $9 billion. As the transfers by workers abroad add-up to a sizable total and augment the financial resources of the state this study, therefore, endeavors to identify as well as quantify the relative importance of the macro level factors in remittances determination. To investigate impact of certain macroeconomic variables on inward remittances to Pakistan time series data is exploited for the purpose over the period ranging from 1973 to 2010. To overcome the problem of spurious regression co-integration approach is followed. The approach proves its utility in analyzing long run relationship between remittances and the given set of regressors as well as short run dynamics. After examination of stationarity properties of each time series with the help of ADF test and confirmation of co-integration, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique is employed for estimation purposes. The method is preferred due to its analytical superiority in small sample cases along some other desirable characteristics. Using annual data over the 1973-2010 periods real remittances in US dollars are regressed on a set of explanatory variables including number of Pakistani workers abroad, real per capita income in home country, nominal exchange rate, domestic rate of inflation, broad money to GDP ratio, and a dummy for regime type. Except the calendar year data on migrants’ stock, all data series belong to financial years. Using GDP deflator index with 1999-2000 as base the published nominal remittances are converted to real form. Similarly, the published data on nominal per capita income in domestic currency is converted to real form expressed in US dollars using the corresponding years’ GDP indices and exchange rates. Findings of the study reveal that the effect of domestic per capita income, stock of Pakistani workers abroad, and exchange rate on inward remittances remains significantly positive with estimated coefficients of 4.34, 0.47, and 1.71, respectively. Domestic inflation, with a coefficient of -0.51, seriously impact inward transfers in opposite direction. The results also support remittance enhancing role of the democratic regimes as far as Pakistan is concerned. Overall the study confirms the dominance of investment motive. Therefore, investment friendly policy measures are advised so that more and more funds could be accumulated over time in the form of overseas workers’ remittances.