دور الشباب فی فی العمل الاجتماعی التطوعی

In every society of the world, youth is a very important segment. The youth plays an important role in social work and development of communities. There is a dire need of such voluntary welfare works to meet the needs of individuals as well as of the whole communities. As the complexities of living conditions increase, the voluntary social work and welfare projects gain importance and governments alone whether of developing or developed countries, can no longer meet the needs of their citizens. All this necessitates the existence of other bodies working parallel to the governmental bodies to fill in the public domain and complement the role played by the government agencies in meeting social needs. Such bodies are called civil society organizations. These organizations play an important role in addressing some of the social, cultural, and economic issues. Despite the great importance of the social work and its need for the development of communities and the development of individuals a very small percentage of youth are engaged in social work. There is reluctance among the youth to participate in community work. This article explores the role of youth in social welfare work.

Physio-Molecular Evaluation of Selected Exotic Wheat Lines under Drought and Heat Stress

Genome-wide association mapping shows promise for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) for many traits including drought and heat stress tolerance. During first cropping season, seven International Maize and Wheat Improvement center (CIMMYT) bread wheat nurseries were screened under rain fed conditions and based on high 1000 kernel weight and parentage diversity 108 high yielding lines were selected further evaluation. Wheat performance was checked at two growth stages i.e. seedling and post anthesis, at seedling stage stress was imposed by using two different potentials (-3bar and -6 bar) of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and heat stress 36Cº for 3hrs daily. At post anthesis, three stress treatments including individual drought, individual heat and combination of drought and heat stress were imposed in glass house and open field conditions. The data was recorded for seedling, yield traits, physio-biochemical traits and stress related traits for two consecutive cropping seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) Islamabad. The germplasm was genotyped with high-density Illumina 15k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip to identify genomic regions associated with traits under drought, heat and combined stress. Total 9464 highly polymorphic markers were used for calculation linkage disequilibrium, population structure and marker trait associations. Structure analysis divided germplasm into 5 major clusters and highest rate of linkage disequilibrium was recorded for D genome due to its recent origin. Mixed linear model (MLM) with kinship matrix as covariant is used to calculated maker trait associations best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) values. For seedling traits significance threshold was log10(P)>3.0 while for pot and field experiment significant threshold was set by xxii using standard (1/n, n= no of markers) method and significance of an association was further checked by using FDR < 0.05 threshold. For seedling trait 1191 association significant beyond threshold were recorded most of these were concentrated on chromosome 7D. For traits studied in post and field experiment 300 and 105 significant associations (beyond p value threshold) were recorded while 128 associations in the pot experiment crossed FDR significance threshold and 35 MTAs were significant at FDR under field condition. Fifty-four and nineteen pleiotropic region associated with multiple traits were recorded under pot and field experiment respectively. Significant MTAs detected in the present study were similar as reported by the previous studies while some differ with respect to their chromosomal position. The MTAs detected in combination of drought and heat stress can be helpful in marker assisted selection to improve drought and heat tolerance of wheat.